Title: | Multilevel Joint Modelling Multiple Imputation |
---|---|
Description: | Similarly to Schafer's package 'pan', 'jomo' is a package for multilevel joint modelling multiple imputation (Carpenter and Kenward, 2013) <doi:10.1002/9781119942283>. Novel aspects of 'jomo' are the possibility of handling binary and categorical data through latent normal variables, the option to use cluster-specific covariance matrices and to impute compatibly with the substantive model. |
Authors: | Matteo Quartagno, James Carpenter |
Maintainer: | Matteo Quartagno <[email protected]> |
License: | GPL-2 |
Version: | 2.7-4 |
Built: | 2024-08-24 04:29:53 UTC |
Source: | https://github.com/matteo21q/jomo |
A simulated dataset to test functions for imputation of clustered data.
data(cldata)
data(cldata)
A data frame with 1000 observations on the following 6 variables.
age
A numeric variable with (centered) age. Fully observed.
measure
A numeric variable with some measure of interest (unspecified). This is partially observed.
sex
A binary variable with gender indicator. Fully observed.
social
A 4-category variable with some social status indicator. This is partially observed.
city
The cluster indicator vector. 10 cities are indexed 0 to 9.
id
The id for individuals within each city.
These are not real data, they are simulated to illustrate the use of the main functions of the package.
A partially observed version of the tutorial dataset in package R2MLwiN.It includes examination results from six inner London Education Authorities (school boards).
data(cldata)
data(cldata)
A data frame with 4059 observations on the following 6 variables.
school
A school identifier.
student
A student ID.
normexam
Students' exam score at age 16, normalised and partially observed.
sex
Sex of pupil; a factor with levels boy, girl.
cons
A column of 1s. Useful to add an intercept to th eimputation model.
standlrt
Students' score at age 11 on the London Reading Test (LRT), standardised.
schgend
Schools' gender; a factor with levels corresponding to mixed school (mixedsch), boys' school (boysch), and girls' school (girlsch).
avslrt
Average LRT score in school.
schav
Average LRT score in school, coded into 3 categories: low = bottom 25%, mid = middle 50%, high = top 25%.
vrband
Students' score in test of verbal reasoning at age 11, a factor with 3 levels: vb1 = top 25%, vb2 = middle 50%, vb3 = bottom 25%.
These fully observed verison of the data is available with package R2MLwiN.
Browne, W. J. (2012) MCMC Estimation in MLwiN Version 2.26. University of Bristol: Centre for Multilevel Modelling.
Goldstein, H., Rasbash, J., Yang, M., Woodhouse, G., Pan, H., Nuttall, D., Thomas, S. (1993) A multilevel analysis of school examination results. Oxford Review of Education, 19, 425-433.
Rasbash, J., Charlton, C., Browne, W.J., Healy, M. and Cameron, B. (2009) MLwiN Version 2.1. Centre for Multilevel Modelling, University of Bristol.
A wrapper function linking all the functions for JM imputation. The matrix of responses Y, must be a data.frame where continuous variables are numeric and binary/categorical variables are factors.
jomo(Y, Y2=NULL, X=NULL, X2=NULL, Z=NULL, clus=NULL, beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, a=NULL, a.prior=NULL, meth="common", output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo(Y, Y2=NULL, X=NULL, X2=NULL, Z=NULL, clus=NULL, beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, a=NULL, a.prior=NULL, meth="common", output=1, out.iter=10)
Y |
A data.frame containing the (level-1) outcomes of the imputation model. Columns related to continuous variables have to be numeric and columns related to binary/categorical variables have to be factors. |
Y2 |
A data.frame containing the level-2 outcomes of the imputation model. Columns related to continuous variables have to be numeric and columns related to binary/categorical variables have to be factors. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
X2 |
A data frame, or matrix, with level-2 covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different level-1 observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
Z |
A data frame, or matrix, for covariates associated to random effects in the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
clus |
A data frame, or matrix, containing the cluster indicator for each observation. If missing, functions for single level imputation are automatically used. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of level-1 fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l2.beta.start |
Starting value for beta2, the vector(s) of level-2 fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different level-2 outcomes. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster for the random effects estimates u. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value for the covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. Functions for imputation with random cluster-specific covariance matrices are an exception, because we need to pass the starting values for all of the matrices stacked one above the other. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model times the number of random effects plus the number of level-2 outcomes. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
nbetween |
Number of iterations between two successive imputations. Default is 1000. |
nimp |
Number of Imputations. Default is 5. |
a |
Starting value for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution of the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is 50+D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. This is used only with clustered data and when option meth is set to "random". |
a.prior |
Hyperparameter (Degrees of freedom) of the chi square prior distribution for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution for the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. |
meth |
Method used to deal with level 1 covariance matrix. When set to "common", a common matrix across clusters is used (functions jomo1rancon, jomo1rancat and jomo1ranmix). When set to "fixed", fixed study-specific matrices are considered (jomo1ranconhr, jomo1rancathr and jomo1ranmixhr with coption meth="fixed"). Finally, when set to "random", random study-specific matrices are considered (jomo1ranconhr, jomo1rancathr and jomo1ranmixhr with coption meth="random") |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
This is just a wrapper function to link all the functions in the package. Format of the columns of Y is crucial in order for the function to be using the right sub-function.
On screen, the posterior mean of the fixed and random effects estimates and of the covariance matrices are shown. The only argument returned is the imputed dataset in long format. Column "Imputation" indexes the imputations. Imputation number 0 are the original data.
Carpenter J.R., Kenward M.G., (2013), Multiple Imputation and its Application. Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-470-74052-1.
# define all the inputs: Y<-cldata[,c("measure","age")] clus<-cldata[,c("city")] nburn=as.integer(200); nbetween=as.integer(200); nimp=as.integer(5); #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo(Y,clus=clus,nburn=nburn,nbetween=nbetween,nimp=nimp) # Finally we show how to fit the model and combine estimate with Rubin's rules # Here we use mitml, other options are available in mice, mitools, etc etc #if (requireNamespace("mitml", quietly = TRUE)&requireNamespace("lme4", quietly = TRUE)) { #imp.mitml<-jomo2mitml.list(imp) #fit.i<-with(imp.mitml, lmer(measure~age+(1|clus))) #fit.MI<-testEstimates(fit.i, var.comp=T) # } #we could even run imputation with fixed or random cluster-specific covariance matrices: #imp<-jomo(Y,clus=clus,nburn=nburn,nbetween=nbetween,nimp=nimp, meth="fixed") #or: #imp<-jomo(Y,clus=clus,nburn=nburn,nbetween=nbetween,nimp=nimp, meth="random") #if we do not add clus as imput, functions for single level imputation are used: #imp<-jomo(Y)
# define all the inputs: Y<-cldata[,c("measure","age")] clus<-cldata[,c("city")] nburn=as.integer(200); nbetween=as.integer(200); nimp=as.integer(5); #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo(Y,clus=clus,nburn=nburn,nbetween=nbetween,nimp=nimp) # Finally we show how to fit the model and combine estimate with Rubin's rules # Here we use mitml, other options are available in mice, mitools, etc etc #if (requireNamespace("mitml", quietly = TRUE)&requireNamespace("lme4", quietly = TRUE)) { #imp.mitml<-jomo2mitml.list(imp) #fit.i<-with(imp.mitml, lmer(measure~age+(1|clus))) #fit.MI<-testEstimates(fit.i, var.comp=T) # } #we could even run imputation with fixed or random cluster-specific covariance matrices: #imp<-jomo(Y,clus=clus,nburn=nburn,nbetween=nbetween,nimp=nimp, meth="fixed") #or: #imp<-jomo(Y,clus=clus,nburn=nburn,nbetween=nbetween,nimp=nimp, meth="random") #if we do not add clus as imput, functions for single level imputation are used: #imp<-jomo(Y)
A function for substantive model compatible JM imputation, when the substantive model of interest is a cumulative link mixed model. Interactions and polynomial functions of the covariates are allowed. Data must be passed as a data.frame where continuous variables are numeric and binary/categorical variables are factors.
jomo.clmm(formula, data, level=rep(1,ncol(data)), beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, a.start=NULL, a.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, meth="common", output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo.clmm(formula, data, level=rep(1,ncol(data)), beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, a.start=NULL, a.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, meth="common", output=1, out.iter=10)
formula |
an object of class formula: a symbolic description of the model to be fitted. It is possible to include in this formula interactions (through symbols '*' and ' |
data |
A data.frame containing all the variables to include in the imputation model. Columns related to continuous variables have to be numeric and columns related to binary/categorical variables have to be factors. |
level |
A vector, indicating whether each variable is either a level 1 or a level 2 variable. The value assigned to the cluster indicator is irrelevant. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of level-1 fixed effects for the joint model for the covariates. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l2.beta.start |
Starting value for beta2, the vector(s) of level-2 fixed effects for the joint model for the covariates. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster of the random effects estimates u for the joint model for the covariates. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value of the level-1 covariance matrix of the joint model for the covariates. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of covariates (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. Functions for imputation with random cluster-specific covariance matrices are an exception, because we need to pass the starting values for all of the matrices stacked one above the other. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix of the joint model for the covariates. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of level-1 covariates (continuous plus latent normals) in the analysis model times the number of random effects plus the number of level-2 covariates. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
a.start |
Starting value for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution of the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is 50+D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. This is used only with clustered data and when option meth is set to "random". |
a.prior |
Hyperparameter (Degrees of freedom) of the chi square prior distribution for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution for the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. |
meth |
Method used to deal with level 1 covariance matrix. When set to "common", a common matrix across clusters is used (functions jomo1rancon, jomo1rancat and jomo1ranmix). When set to "fixed", fixed study-specific matrices are considered (jomo1ranconhr, jomo1rancathr and jomo1ranmixhr with coption meth="fixed"). Finally, when set to "random", random study-specific matrices are considered (jomo1ranconhr, jomo1rancathr and jomo1ranmixhr with option meth="random") |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
nbetween |
Number of iterations between two successive imputations. Default is 1000. |
nimp |
Number of Imputations. Default is 5. |
output |
When set to 0, no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. When set to 1, only the parameter estimates related to the substantive model are shown (default). When set to 2, all parameter estimates (posterior means) are displayed. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
This function allows for substantive model compatible imputation when the substantive model is a cumulative link mixed-effects model. It can deal with interactions and polynomial terms through the usual lmer syntax in the formula argument. Format of the columns of data is crucial in order for the function to deal with binary/categorical covariates appropriately in the imputation algorithm.
On screen, the posterior mean of the fixed effect estimates and of the residual variance are shown. The only argument returned is the imputed dataset in long format. Column "Imputation" indexes the imputations. Imputation number 0 are the original data.
Carpenter J.R., Kenward M.G., (2013), Multiple Imputation and its Application. Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-470-74052-1.
# make sure social is a factor: cldata<-within(cldata, social<-factor(social)) # we define the data frame with all the variables data<-cldata[,c("measure","age", "social", "city")] # And the formula of the substantive lm model # social as an outcome only because it is the only ordinal variable in the dataset... formula<-as.formula(social~age+measure+(1|city)) #And finally we run the imputation function: # imp<-jomo.clmm(formula,data, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=2) # Note the function is commented out to avoid time consuming examples, # which go against CRAN policies. # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
# make sure social is a factor: cldata<-within(cldata, social<-factor(social)) # we define the data frame with all the variables data<-cldata[,c("measure","age", "social", "city")] # And the formula of the substantive lm model # social as an outcome only because it is the only ordinal variable in the dataset... formula<-as.formula(social~age+measure+(1|city)) #And finally we run the imputation function: # imp<-jomo.clmm(formula,data, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=2) # Note the function is commented out to avoid time consuming examples, # which go against CRAN policies. # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
This function is similar to the jomo.clmm function, but it returns the values of all the parameters in the model at each step of the MCMC instead of the imputations. It is useful to check the convergence of the MCMC sampler.
jomo.clmm.MCMCchain(formula, data, level=rep(1,ncol(data)), beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, a.start=NULL, a.prior=NULL, betaY.start=NULL, covuY.start=NULL, uY.start=NULL, nburn=1000, meth="common", start.imp=NULL, start.imp.sub=NULL, l2.start.imp=NULL, output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo.clmm.MCMCchain(formula, data, level=rep(1,ncol(data)), beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, a.start=NULL, a.prior=NULL, betaY.start=NULL, covuY.start=NULL, uY.start=NULL, nburn=1000, meth="common", start.imp=NULL, start.imp.sub=NULL, l2.start.imp=NULL, output=1, out.iter=10)
formula |
an object of class formula: a symbolic description of the model to be fitted. It is possible to include in this formula interactions (through symbols '*' and ' |
data |
A data.frame containing all the variables to include in the imputation model. Columns related to continuous variables have to be numeric and columns related to binary/categorical variables have to be factors. |
level |
A vector, indicating whether each variable is either a level 1 or a level 2 variable. The value assigned to the cluster indicator is irrelevant. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of level-1 fixed effects for the joint model for the covariates. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l2.beta.start |
Starting value for beta2, the vector(s) of level-2 fixed effects for the joint model for the covariates. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster of the random effects estimates u for the joint model for the covariates. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value of the level-1 covariance matrix of the joint model for the covariates. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of covariates (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. Functions for imputation with random cluster-specific covariance matrices are an exception, because we need to pass the starting values for all of the matrices stacked one above the other. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix of the joint model for the covariates. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of level-1 covariates (continuous plus latent normals) in the analysis model times the number of random effects plus the number of level-2 covariates. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
a.start |
Starting value for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution of the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is 50+D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. This is used only with clustered data and when option meth is set to "random". |
a.prior |
Hyperparameter (Degrees of freedom) of the chi square prior distribution for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution for the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. |
meth |
Method used to deal with level 1 covariance matrix. When set to "common", a common matrix across clusters is used (functions jomo1rancon, jomo1rancat and jomo1ranmix). When set to "fixed", fixed study-specific matrices are considered (jomo1ranconhr, jomo1rancathr and jomo1ranmixhr with coption meth="fixed"). Finally, when set to "random", random study-specific matrices are considered (jomo1ranconhr, jomo1rancathr and jomo1ranmixhr with option meth="random") |
betaY.start |
Starting value for betaY, the vector of fixed effects for the substantive analysis model. The default is the complete records estimate. |
covuY.start |
Starting value for covuY, the random effects covariance matrix of the substantive analysis model. The default is the complete records estimate. |
uY.start |
Starting value for uY, the random effects matrix of the substantive analysis model. The default is the complete records estimate. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
output |
When set to 0, no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. When set to 1, only the parameter estimates related to the substantive model are shown (default). When set to 2, all parameter estimates (posterior means) are displayed. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
start.imp |
Starting value for the missing data in the covariates of the substantive model. n-level categorical variables are substituted by n-1 latent normals. |
l2.start.imp |
Starting value for the missing data in the level-2 covariates of the substantive model. n-level categorical variables are substituted by n-1 latent normals. |
start.imp.sub |
Starting value for the missing data in the outcome of the substantive model. For family="binomial", these are the values of the latent normals. |
A list is returned; this contains the final imputed dataset (finimp) and several 3-dimensional matrices, containing all the values drawn for each parameter at each iteration: these are fixed effect parameters of the covariates beta (collectbeta), level 1 covariance matrices (collectomega), fixed effect estimates of the substantive model and associated residual variances. If there are some categorical outcomes, a further output is included in the list, finimp.latnorm, containing the final state of the imputed dataset with the latent normal variables.
# make sure social is a factor: cldata<-within(cldata, social<-factor(social)) # we define the data frame with all the variables data<-cldata[,c("measure","age", "social", "city")] # And the formula of the substantive lm model # social as an outcome only because it is the only ordinal variable in the dataset... formula<-as.formula(social~age+measure+(1|city)) #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo.clmm.MCMCchain(formula,data, nburn=100) # We can check, for example, the convergence of the first element of beta: # plot(c(1:100),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:100],type="l")
# make sure social is a factor: cldata<-within(cldata, social<-factor(social)) # we define the data frame with all the variables data<-cldata[,c("measure","age", "social", "city")] # And the formula of the substantive lm model # social as an outcome only because it is the only ordinal variable in the dataset... formula<-as.formula(social~age+measure+(1|city)) #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo.clmm.MCMCchain(formula,data, nburn=100) # We can check, for example, the convergence of the first element of beta: # plot(c(1:100),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:100],type="l")
A function for substantive model compatible JM imputation, when the substantive model of interest is a Cox Proportional Hazards Model. Interactions and polynomial functions of the covariates are allowed. Data must be passed as a data.frame where continuous variables are numeric and binary/categorical variables are factors.
jomo.coxph(formula, data, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo.coxph(formula, data, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, output=1, out.iter=10)
formula |
an object of class formula: a symbolic description of the model to be fitted. It is possible to include in this formula interactions (through symbols '*' and ' |
data |
A data.frame containing all the variables to include in the imputation model. Columns related to continuous variables have to be numeric and columns related to binary/categorical variables have to be factors. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects for the joint model for the covariates. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value of the level-1 covariance matrix of the joint model for the covariates. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of covariates (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
nbetween |
Number of iterations between two successive imputations. Default is 1000. |
nimp |
Number of Imputations. Default is 5. |
output |
When set to 0, no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. When set to 1, only the parameter estimates related to the substantive model are shown (default). When set to 2, all parameter estimates (posterior means) are displayed. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
This function allows for substantive model compatible imputation when the substantive model is a Cox PH model. It can deal with interactions and polynomial terms through the usual lm syntax in the formula argument. Format of the columns of data is crucial in order for the function to deal with binary/categorical covariates appropriately in the imputation algorithm.
On screen, the posterior mean of the fixed effect estimates and of the residual variance are shown. The only argument returned is the imputed dataset in long format. Column "Imputation" indexes the imputations. Imputation number 0 are the original data.
#define substantive model formula<-as.formula(Surv(time, status) ~ measure + sex + I(measure^2)) #Run imputation if (requireNamespace("survival", quietly = TRUE)) { library(survival) #imp<-jomo.coxph(formula,surdata, nburn = 100, nbetween = 100, nimp=5) } # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
#define substantive model formula<-as.formula(Surv(time, status) ~ measure + sex + I(measure^2)) #Run imputation if (requireNamespace("survival", quietly = TRUE)) { library(survival) #imp<-jomo.coxph(formula,surdata, nburn = 100, nbetween = 100, nimp=5) } # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
This function is similar to the jomo.coxph function, but it returns the values of all the parameters in the model at each step of the MCMC instead of the imputations. It is useful to check the convergence of the MCMC sampler.
jomo.coxph.MCMCchain(formula, data, beta.start = NULL, l1cov.start = NULL, l1cov.prior = NULL, nburn = 1000, start.imp = NULL, betaY.start = NULL, output = 1, out.iter = 10)
jomo.coxph.MCMCchain(formula, data, beta.start = NULL, l1cov.start = NULL, l1cov.prior = NULL, nburn = 1000, start.imp = NULL, betaY.start = NULL, output = 1, out.iter = 10)
formula |
an object of class formula: a symbolic description of the model to be fitted. It is possible to include in this formula interactions (through symbols '*' and ' |
data |
A data.frame containing all the variables to include in the imputation model. Columns related to continuous variables have to be numeric and columns related to binary/categorical variables have to be factors. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects for the joint model for the covariates. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value of the level-1 covariance matrix of the joint model for the covariates. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of covariates (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
betaY.start |
Starting value for betaY, the vector of fixed effects for the substantive analysis model. The default is the complete records estimate. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
output |
When set to 0, no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. When set to 1, only the parameter estimates related to the substantive model are shown (default). When set to 2, all parameter estimates (posterior means) are displayed. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
start.imp |
Starting value for the missing data in the covariates of the substantive model. n-level categorical variables are substituted by n-1 latent normals. |
A list is returned; this contains the final imputed dataset (finimp) and several 3-dimensional matrices, containing all the values drawn for each parameter at each iteration: these are fixed effect parameters of the covariates beta (collectbeta), level 1 covariance matrices (collectomega), fixed effect estimates of the substantive model. If there are some categorical outcomes, a further output is included in the list, finimp.latnorm, containing the final state of the imputed dataset with the latent normal variables.
# define substantive model formula<-as.formula(Surv(time, status) ~ measure + sex + I(measure^2)) #Run imputation if (requireNamespace("survival", quietly = TRUE)) { library(survival) #imp<-jomo.coxph.MCMCchain(formula,surdata, nburn = 100) }
# define substantive model formula<-as.formula(Surv(time, status) ~ measure + sex + I(measure^2)) #Run imputation if (requireNamespace("survival", quietly = TRUE)) { library(survival) #imp<-jomo.coxph.MCMCchain(formula,surdata, nburn = 100) }
A function for substantive model compatible JM imputation, when the substantive model of interest is a simple generalized linear regression model. Interactions and polynomial functions of the covariates are allowed. Data must be passed as a data.frame where continuous variables are numeric and binary/categorical variables are factors.
jomo.glm(formula, data, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL,nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, output=1, out.iter=10, family="binomial")
jomo.glm(formula, data, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL,nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, output=1, out.iter=10, family="binomial")
formula |
an object of class formula: a symbolic description of the model to be fitted. It is possible to include in this formula interactions (through symbols '*' and ' |
data |
A data.frame containing all the variables to include in the imputation model. Columns related to continuous variables have to be numeric and columns related to binary/categorical variables have to be factors. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects for the joint model for the covariates. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value of the level-1 covariance matrix of the joint model for the covariates. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of covariates (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
nbetween |
Number of iterations between two successive imputations. Default is 1000. |
nimp |
Number of Imputations. Default is 5. |
output |
When set to 0, no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. When set to 1, only the parameter estimates related to the substantive model are shown (default). When set to 2, all parameter estimates (posterior means) are displayed. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
family |
One of either "gaussian"" or "binomial". For binomial family, a probit link is assumed. |
This function allows for substantive model compatible imputation when the substantive model is a simple linear regression model. It can deal with interactions and polynomial terms through the usual lm syntax in the formula argument. Format of the columns of data is crucial in order for the function to deal with binary/categorical covariates appropriately in the imputation algorithm.
On screen, the posterior mean of the fixed effect estimates and of the residual variance are shown. The only argument returned is the imputed dataset in long format. Column "Imputation" indexes the imputations. Imputation number 0 are the original data.
Carpenter J.R., Kenward M.G., (2013), Multiple Imputation and its Application. Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-470-74052-1.
# make sure sex is a factor: sldata<-within(sldata, sex<-factor(sex)) # we define the data frame with all the variables data<-sldata[,c("measure","age", "sex")] # And the formula of the substantive lm model # sex as an outcome only because it is the only binary variable in the dataset... formula<-as.formula(sex~age+measure) #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo.glm(formula,data, nburn=10, nbetween=10, nimp=2) # Note we are using only 10 iterations to avoid time consuming examples, # which go against CRAN policies. In real applications we would use # much larger burn-ins (around 1000) and at least 5 imputations. # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
# make sure sex is a factor: sldata<-within(sldata, sex<-factor(sex)) # we define the data frame with all the variables data<-sldata[,c("measure","age", "sex")] # And the formula of the substantive lm model # sex as an outcome only because it is the only binary variable in the dataset... formula<-as.formula(sex~age+measure) #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo.glm(formula,data, nburn=10, nbetween=10, nimp=2) # Note we are using only 10 iterations to avoid time consuming examples, # which go against CRAN policies. In real applications we would use # much larger burn-ins (around 1000) and at least 5 imputations. # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
This function is similar to the jomo.glm function, but it returns the values of all the parameters in the model at each step of the MCMC instead of the imputations. It is useful to check the convergence of the MCMC sampler.
jomo.glm.MCMCchain(formula, data, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, betaY.start=NULL, nburn=1000, start.imp=NULL, start.imp.sub=NULL, output=1, out.iter=10, family="binomial")
jomo.glm.MCMCchain(formula, data, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, betaY.start=NULL, nburn=1000, start.imp=NULL, start.imp.sub=NULL, output=1, out.iter=10, family="binomial")
formula |
an object of class formula: a symbolic description of the model to be fitted. It is possible to include in this formula interactions (through symbols '*' and ' |
data |
A data.frame containing all the variables to include in the imputation model. Columns related to continuous variables have to be numeric and columns related to binary/categorical variables have to be factors. |
start.imp |
Starting value for the imputed covariates. n-level categorical variables are substituted by n-1 latent normals. |
start.imp.sub |
Starting value for the imputations of the outcome. When using binomial family, this is the value of the latent normal. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects for the joint model for the covariates. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value of the level-1 covariance matrix of the joint model for the covariates. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of covariates (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
betaY.start |
Starting value for betaY, the vector of fixed effects for the substantive analysis model. The default is the complete records estimate. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
output |
When set to 0, no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. When set to 1, only the parameter estimates related to the substantive model are shown (default). When set to 2, all parameter estimates (posterior means) are displayed. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
family |
One of either "gaussian"" or "binomial". For binomial family, a probit link is assumed. |
A list is returned; this contains the final imputed dataset (finimp) and several 3-dimensional matrices, containing all the values drawn for each parameter at each iteration: these are fixed effect parameters of the covariates beta (collectbeta), level 1 covariance matrices (collectomega), fixed effect estimates of the substantive model and associated residual variances. If there are some categorical outcomes, a further output is included in the list, finimp.latnorm, containing the final state of the imputed dataset with the latent normal variables.
# make sure sex is a factor: sldata<-within(sldata, sex<-factor(sex)) # we define the data frame with all the variables data<-sldata[,c("measure","age", "sex")] # And the formula of the substantive lm model # sex as an outcome only because it is the only binary variable in the dataset... formula<-as.formula(sex~age+measure) #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo.glm.MCMCchain(formula,data, nburn=10) # Note we are using only 10 iterations to avoid time consuming examples, # which go against CRAN policies. In real applications we would use # much larger burn-ins (around 1000, to say the least). # We can check, for example, the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:10),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:10],type="l")
# make sure sex is a factor: sldata<-within(sldata, sex<-factor(sex)) # we define the data frame with all the variables data<-sldata[,c("measure","age", "sex")] # And the formula of the substantive lm model # sex as an outcome only because it is the only binary variable in the dataset... formula<-as.formula(sex~age+measure) #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo.glm.MCMCchain(formula,data, nburn=10) # Note we are using only 10 iterations to avoid time consuming examples, # which go against CRAN policies. In real applications we would use # much larger burn-ins (around 1000, to say the least). # We can check, for example, the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:10),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:10],type="l")
A function for substantive model compatible JM imputation, when the substantive model of interest is a generalized linear mixed-effects regression model. Interactions and polynomial functions of the covariates are allowed. Data must be passed as a data.frame where continuous variables are numeric and binary/categorical variables are factors.
jomo.glmer(formula, data, level=rep(1,ncol(data)), beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, a.start=NULL, a.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, meth="common", output=1, out.iter=10, family="binomial")
jomo.glmer(formula, data, level=rep(1,ncol(data)), beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, a.start=NULL, a.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, meth="common", output=1, out.iter=10, family="binomial")
formula |
an object of class formula: a symbolic description of the model to be fitted. It is possible to include in this formula interactions (through symbols '*' and ' |
data |
A data.frame containing all the variables to include in the imputation model. Columns related to continuous variables have to be numeric and columns related to binary/categorical variables have to be factors. |
level |
A vector, indicating whether each variable is either a level 1 or a level 2 variable. The value assigned to the cluster indicator is irrelevant. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of level-1 fixed effects for the joint model for the covariates. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l2.beta.start |
Starting value for beta2, the vector(s) of level-2 fixed effects for the joint model for the covariates. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster of the random effects estimates u for the joint model for the covariates. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value of the level-1 covariance matrix of the joint model for the covariates. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of covariates (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. Functions for imputation with random cluster-specific covariance matrices are an exception, because we need to pass the starting values for all of the matrices stacked one above the other. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix of the joint model for the covariates. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of level-1 covariates (continuous plus latent normals) in the analysis model times the number of random effects plus the number of level-2 covariates. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
a.start |
Starting value for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution of the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is 50+D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. This is used only with clustered data and when option meth is set to "random". |
a.prior |
Hyperparameter (Degrees of freedom) of the chi square prior distribution for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution for the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. |
meth |
Method used to deal with level 1 covariance matrix. When set to "common", a common matrix across clusters is used (functions jomo1rancon, jomo1rancat and jomo1ranmix). When set to "fixed", fixed study-specific matrices are considered (jomo1ranconhr, jomo1rancathr and jomo1ranmixhr with coption meth="fixed"). Finally, when set to "random", random study-specific matrices are considered (jomo1ranconhr, jomo1rancathr and jomo1ranmixhr with option meth="random") |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
nbetween |
Number of iterations between two successive imputations. Default is 1000. |
nimp |
Number of Imputations. Default is 5. |
output |
When set to 0, no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. When set to 1, only the parameter estimates related to the substantive model are shown (default). When set to 2, all parameter estimates (posterior means) are displayed. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
family |
One of either "gaussian"" or "binomial". For binomial family, a probit link is assumed. |
This function allows for substantive model compatible imputation when the substantive model is a linear mixed-effects model. It can deal with interactions and polynomial terms through the usual lmer syntax in the formula argument. Format of the columns of data is crucial in order for the function to deal with binary/categorical covariates appropriately in the imputation algorithm.
On screen, the posterior mean of the fixed effect estimates and of the residual variance are shown. The only argument returned is the imputed dataset in long format. Column "Imputation" indexes the imputations. Imputation number 0 are the original data.
Carpenter J.R., Kenward M.G., (2013), Multiple Imputation and its Application. Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-470-74052-1.
# make sure sex is a factor: cldata<-within(cldata, sex<-factor(sex)) # we define the data frame with all the variables data<-cldata[,c("measure","age", "sex", "city")] # And the formula of the substantive lm model # sex as an outcome only because it is the only binary variable in the dataset... formula<-as.formula(sex~age+measure+(1|city)) #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo.glmer(formula,data, nburn=2, nbetween=2, nimp=2) # Note we are using only 2 iterations to avoid time consuming examples, # which go against CRAN policies. In real applications we would use # much larger burn-ins (around 1000) and at least 5 imputations. # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
# make sure sex is a factor: cldata<-within(cldata, sex<-factor(sex)) # we define the data frame with all the variables data<-cldata[,c("measure","age", "sex", "city")] # And the formula of the substantive lm model # sex as an outcome only because it is the only binary variable in the dataset... formula<-as.formula(sex~age+measure+(1|city)) #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo.glmer(formula,data, nburn=2, nbetween=2, nimp=2) # Note we are using only 2 iterations to avoid time consuming examples, # which go against CRAN policies. In real applications we would use # much larger burn-ins (around 1000) and at least 5 imputations. # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
This function is similar to the jomo.glmer function, but it returns the values of all the parameters in the model at each step of the MCMC instead of the imputations. It is useful to check the convergence of the MCMC sampler.
jomo.glmer.MCMCchain(formula, data, level=rep(1,ncol(data)), beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, a.start=NULL, a.prior=NULL, betaY.start=NULL, covuY.start=NULL, uY.start=NULL, nburn=1000, meth="common", start.imp=NULL, start.imp.sub=NULL, l2.start.imp=NULL, output=1, out.iter=10, family="binomial")
jomo.glmer.MCMCchain(formula, data, level=rep(1,ncol(data)), beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, a.start=NULL, a.prior=NULL, betaY.start=NULL, covuY.start=NULL, uY.start=NULL, nburn=1000, meth="common", start.imp=NULL, start.imp.sub=NULL, l2.start.imp=NULL, output=1, out.iter=10, family="binomial")
formula |
an object of class formula: a symbolic description of the model to be fitted. It is possible to include in this formula interactions (through symbols '*' and ' |
data |
A data.frame containing all the variables to include in the imputation model. Columns related to continuous variables have to be numeric and columns related to binary/categorical variables have to be factors. |
level |
A vector, indicating whether each variable is either a level 1 or a level 2 variable. The value assigned to the cluster indicator is irrelevant. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of level-1 fixed effects for the joint model for the covariates. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l2.beta.start |
Starting value for beta2, the vector(s) of level-2 fixed effects for the joint model for the covariates. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster of the random effects estimates u for the joint model for the covariates. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value of the level-1 covariance matrix of the joint model for the covariates. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of covariates (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. Functions for imputation with random cluster-specific covariance matrices are an exception, because we need to pass the starting values for all of the matrices stacked one above the other. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix of the joint model for the covariates. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of level-1 covariates (continuous plus latent normals) in the analysis model times the number of random effects plus the number of level-2 covariates. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
a.start |
Starting value for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution of the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is 50+D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. This is used only with clustered data and when option meth is set to "random". |
a.prior |
Hyperparameter (Degrees of freedom) of the chi square prior distribution for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution for the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. |
meth |
Method used to deal with level 1 covariance matrix. When set to "common", a common matrix across clusters is used (functions jomo1rancon, jomo1rancat and jomo1ranmix). When set to "fixed", fixed study-specific matrices are considered (jomo1ranconhr, jomo1rancathr and jomo1ranmixhr with coption meth="fixed"). Finally, when set to "random", random study-specific matrices are considered (jomo1ranconhr, jomo1rancathr and jomo1ranmixhr with option meth="random") |
betaY.start |
Starting value for betaY, the vector of fixed effects for the substantive analysis model. The default is the complete records estimate. |
covuY.start |
Starting value for covuY, the random effects covariance matrix of the substantive analysis model. The default is the complete records estimate. |
uY.start |
Starting value for uY, the random effects matrix of the substantive analysis model. The default is the complete records estimate. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
output |
When set to 0, no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. When set to 1, only the parameter estimates related to the substantive model are shown (default). When set to 2, all parameter estimates (posterior means) are displayed. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
start.imp |
Starting value for the missing data in the covariates of the substantive model. n-level categorical variables are substituted by n-1 latent normals. |
l2.start.imp |
Starting value for the missing data in the level-2 covariates of the substantive model. n-level categorical variables are substituted by n-1 latent normals. |
start.imp.sub |
Starting value for the missing data in the outcome of the substantive model. For family="binomial", these are the values of the latent normals. |
family |
One of either "gaussian"" or "binomial". For binomial family, a probit link is assumed. |
A list is returned; this contains the final imputed dataset (finimp) and several 3-dimensional matrices, containing all the values drawn for each parameter at each iteration: these are fixed effect parameters of the covariates beta (collectbeta), level 1 covariance matrices (collectomega), fixed effect estimates of the substantive model and associated residual variances. If there are some categorical outcomes, a further output is included in the list, finimp.latnorm, containing the final state of the imputed dataset with the latent normal variables.
# make sure sex is a factor: cldata<-within(cldata, sex<-factor(sex)) # we define the data frame with all the variables data<-cldata[,c("measure","age", "sex", "city")] # And the formula of the substantive lm model # sex as an outcome only because it is the only binary variable in the dataset... formula<-as.formula(sex~age+measure+(1|city)) #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo.glmer.MCMCchain(formula,data, nburn=100) # We can check, for example, the convergence of the first element of beta: # plot(c(1:100),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:100],type="l")
# make sure sex is a factor: cldata<-within(cldata, sex<-factor(sex)) # we define the data frame with all the variables data<-cldata[,c("measure","age", "sex", "city")] # And the formula of the substantive lm model # sex as an outcome only because it is the only binary variable in the dataset... formula<-as.formula(sex~age+measure+(1|city)) #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo.glmer.MCMCchain(formula,data, nburn=100) # We can check, for example, the convergence of the first element of beta: # plot(c(1:100),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:100],type="l")
A function for substantive model compatible JM imputation, when the substantive model of interest is a simple linear regression model. Interactions and polynomial functions of the covariates are allowed. Data must be passed as a data.frame where continuous variables are numeric and binary/categorical variables are factors.
jomo.lm(formula, data, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo.lm(formula, data, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, output=1, out.iter=10)
formula |
an object of class formula: a symbolic description of the model to be fitted. It is possible to include in this formula interactions (through symbols '*' and ' |
data |
A data.frame containing all the variables to include in the imputation model. Columns related to continuous variables have to be numeric and columns related to binary/categorical variables have to be factors. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects for the joint model for the covariates. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value of the level-1 covariance matrix of the joint model for the covariates. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of covariates (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
nbetween |
Number of iterations between two successive imputations. Default is 1000. |
nimp |
Number of Imputations. Default is 5. |
output |
When set to 0, no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. When set to 1, only the parameter estimates related to the substantive model are shown (default). When set to 2, all parameter estimates (posterior means) are displayed. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
This function allows for substantive model compatible imputation when the substantive model is a simple linear regression model. It can deal with interactions and polynomial terms through the usual lm syntax in the formula argument. Format of the columns of data is crucial in order for the function to deal with binary/categorical covariates appropriately in the imputation algorithm.
On screen, the posterior mean of the fixed effect estimates and of the residual variance are shown. The only argument returned is the imputed dataset in long format. Column "Imputation" indexes the imputations. Imputation number 0 are the original data.
Carpenter J.R., Kenward M.G., (2013), Multiple Imputation and its Application. Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-470-74052-1.
# make sure sex is a factor: sldata<-within(sldata, sex<-factor(sex)) # we define the data frame with all the variables data<-sldata[,c("measure","age", "sex")] # And the formula of the substantive lm model formula<-as.formula(measure~sex+age+I(age^2)) #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo.lm(formula,data, nburn=100, nbetween=100) # Note we are using only 100 iterations to avoid time consuming examples, # which go against CRAN policies. # If we were interested in a model with interactions: formula2<-as.formula(measure~sex*age) imp2<-jomo.lm(formula2,data, nburn=100, nbetween=100) # The analysis and combination steps are as for all the other functions # (see e.g. help file for function jomo)
# make sure sex is a factor: sldata<-within(sldata, sex<-factor(sex)) # we define the data frame with all the variables data<-sldata[,c("measure","age", "sex")] # And the formula of the substantive lm model formula<-as.formula(measure~sex+age+I(age^2)) #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo.lm(formula,data, nburn=100, nbetween=100) # Note we are using only 100 iterations to avoid time consuming examples, # which go against CRAN policies. # If we were interested in a model with interactions: formula2<-as.formula(measure~sex*age) imp2<-jomo.lm(formula2,data, nburn=100, nbetween=100) # The analysis and combination steps are as for all the other functions # (see e.g. help file for function jomo)
This function is similar to the jomo.lm function, but it returns the values of all the parameters in the model at each step of the MCMC instead of the imputations. It is useful to check the convergence of the MCMC sampler.
jomo.lm.MCMCchain(formula, data, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, betaY.start=NULL, varY.start=NULL, nburn=1000, start.imp=NULL, start.imp.sub=NULL, output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo.lm.MCMCchain(formula, data, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, betaY.start=NULL, varY.start=NULL, nburn=1000, start.imp=NULL, start.imp.sub=NULL, output=1, out.iter=10)
formula |
an object of class formula: a symbolic description of the model to be fitted. It is possible to include in this formula interactions (through symbols '*' and ' |
data |
A data.frame containing all the variables to include in the imputation model. Columns related to continuous variables have to be numeric and columns related to binary/categorical variables have to be factors. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects for the joint model for the covariates. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value of the level-1 covariance matrix of the joint model for the covariates. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of covariates (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
betaY.start |
Starting value for betaY, the vector of fixed effects for the substantive analysis model. The default is the complete records estimate. |
varY.start |
Starting value for varY, the residual variance of the substantive analysis model. The default is the complete records estimate. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
output |
When set to 0, no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. When set to 1, only the parameter estimates related to the substantive model are shown (default). When set to 2, all parameter estimates (posterior means) are displayed. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
start.imp |
Starting value for the missing data in the covariates of the substantive model. n-level categorical variables are substituted by n-1 latent normals. |
start.imp.sub |
Starting value for the missing data in the outcome of the substantive model. |
A list is returned; this contains the final imputed dataset (finimp) and several 3-dimensional matrices, containing all the values drawn for each parameter at each iteration: these are fixed effect parameters of the covariates beta (collectbeta), level 1 covariance matrices (collectomega), fixed effect estimates of the substantive model and associated residual variances. If there are some categorical outcomes, a further output is included in the list, finimp.latnorm, containing the final state of the imputed dataset with the latent normal variables.
# make sure sex is a factor: sldata<-within(sldata, sex<-factor(sex)) # we define the data frame with all the variables data<-sldata[,c("measure","age", "sex")] # And the formula of the substantive lm model formula<-as.formula(measure~sex+age+I(age^2)) #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo.lm.MCMCchain(formula,data, nburn=100) # Note we are using only 100 iterations to avoid time consuming examples, # which go against CRAN policies. # We can check, for example, the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:100),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:100],type="l")
# make sure sex is a factor: sldata<-within(sldata, sex<-factor(sex)) # we define the data frame with all the variables data<-sldata[,c("measure","age", "sex")] # And the formula of the substantive lm model formula<-as.formula(measure~sex+age+I(age^2)) #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo.lm.MCMCchain(formula,data, nburn=100) # Note we are using only 100 iterations to avoid time consuming examples, # which go against CRAN policies. # We can check, for example, the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:100),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:100],type="l")
A function for substantive model compatible JM imputation, when the substantive model of interest is a linear mixed-effects regression model. Interactions and polynomial functions of the covariates are allowed. Data must be passed as a data.frame where continuous variables are numeric and binary/categorical variables are factors.
jomo.lmer(formula, data, level=rep(1,ncol(data)), beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, a.start=NULL, a.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, meth="common", output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo.lmer(formula, data, level=rep(1,ncol(data)), beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, a.start=NULL, a.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, meth="common", output=1, out.iter=10)
formula |
an object of class formula: a symbolic description of the model to be fitted. It is possible to include in this formula interactions (through symbols '*' and ' |
data |
A data.frame containing all the variables to include in the imputation model. Columns related to continuous variables have to be numeric and columns related to binary/categorical variables have to be factors. |
level |
A vector, indicating whether each variable is either a level 1 or a level 2 variable. The value assigned to the cluster indicator is irrelevant. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of level-1 fixed effects for the joint model for the covariates. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l2.beta.start |
Starting value for beta2, the vector(s) of level-2 fixed effects for the joint model for the covariates. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster of the random effects estimates u for the joint model for the covariates. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value of the level-1 covariance matrix of the joint model for the covariates. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of covariates (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. Functions for imputation with random cluster-specific covariance matrices are an exception, because we need to pass the starting values for all of the matrices stacked one above the other. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix of the joint model for the covariates. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of level-1 covariates (continuous plus latent normals) in the analysis model times the number of random effects plus the number of level-2 covariates. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
a.start |
Starting value for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution of the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is 50+D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. This is used only with clustered data and when option meth is set to "random". |
a.prior |
Hyperparameter (Degrees of freedom) of the chi square prior distribution for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution for the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. |
meth |
Method used to deal with level 1 covariance matrix. When set to "common", a common matrix across clusters is used (functions jomo1rancon, jomo1rancat and jomo1ranmix). When set to "fixed", fixed study-specific matrices are considered (jomo1ranconhr, jomo1rancathr and jomo1ranmixhr with coption meth="fixed"). Finally, when set to "random", random study-specific matrices are considered (jomo1ranconhr, jomo1rancathr and jomo1ranmixhr with option meth="random") |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
nbetween |
Number of iterations between two successive imputations. Default is 1000. |
nimp |
Number of Imputations. Default is 5. |
output |
When set to 0, no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. When set to 1, only the parameter estimates related to the substantive model are shown (default). When set to 2, all parameter estimates (posterior means) are displayed. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
This function allows for substantive model compatible imputation when the substantive model is a linear mixed-effects model. It can deal with interactions and polynomial terms through the usual lmer syntax in the formula argument. Format of the columns of data is crucial in order for the function to deal with binary/categorical covariates appropriately in the imputation algorithm.
On screen, the posterior mean of the fixed effect estimates and of the residual variance are shown. The only argument returned is the imputed dataset in long format. Column "Imputation" indexes the imputations. Imputation number 0 are the original data.
Carpenter J.R., Kenward M.G., (2013), Multiple Imputation and its Application. Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-470-74052-1.
# make sure sex is a factor: cldata<-within(cldata, sex<-factor(sex)) # we define the data frame with all the variables data<-cldata[,c("measure","age", "sex", "city")] mylevel<-c(1,1,1,1) # And the formula of the substantive lm model formula<-as.formula(measure~sex+age+I(age^2)+(1|city)) #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo.lmer(formula,data, level=mylevel, nburn=10, nbetween=10) # Note we are using only 10 iterations to avoid time consuming examples, # which go against CRAN policies. # If we were interested in a model with interactions: # formula2<-as.formula(measure~sex*age+(1|city)) # imp2<-jomo.lmer(formula2,data, level=mylevel, nburn=10, nbetween=10) # The analysis and combination steps are as for all the other functions # (see e.g. help file for function jomo)
# make sure sex is a factor: cldata<-within(cldata, sex<-factor(sex)) # we define the data frame with all the variables data<-cldata[,c("measure","age", "sex", "city")] mylevel<-c(1,1,1,1) # And the formula of the substantive lm model formula<-as.formula(measure~sex+age+I(age^2)+(1|city)) #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo.lmer(formula,data, level=mylevel, nburn=10, nbetween=10) # Note we are using only 10 iterations to avoid time consuming examples, # which go against CRAN policies. # If we were interested in a model with interactions: # formula2<-as.formula(measure~sex*age+(1|city)) # imp2<-jomo.lmer(formula2,data, level=mylevel, nburn=10, nbetween=10) # The analysis and combination steps are as for all the other functions # (see e.g. help file for function jomo)
This function is similar to the jomo.lmer function, but it returns the values of all the parameters in the model at each step of the MCMC instead of the imputations. It is useful to check the convergence of the MCMC sampler.
jomo.lmer.MCMCchain(formula, data, level=rep(1,ncol(data)), beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, a.start=NULL, a.prior=NULL, betaY.start=NULL, varY.start=NULL, covuY.start=NULL, uY.start=NULL, nburn=1000, meth="common", start.imp=NULL, start.imp.sub=NULL, l2.start.imp=NULL, output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo.lmer.MCMCchain(formula, data, level=rep(1,ncol(data)), beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, a.start=NULL, a.prior=NULL, betaY.start=NULL, varY.start=NULL, covuY.start=NULL, uY.start=NULL, nburn=1000, meth="common", start.imp=NULL, start.imp.sub=NULL, l2.start.imp=NULL, output=1, out.iter=10)
formula |
an object of class formula: a symbolic description of the model to be fitted. It is possible to include in this formula interactions (through symbols '*' and ' |
data |
A data.frame containing all the variables to include in the imputation model. Columns related to continuous variables have to be numeric and columns related to binary/categorical variables have to be factors. |
level |
A vector, indicating whether each variable is either a level 1 or a level 2 variable. The value assigned to the cluster indicator is irrelevant. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of level-1 fixed effects for the joint model for the covariates. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l2.beta.start |
Starting value for beta2, the vector(s) of level-2 fixed effects for the joint model for the covariates. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster of the random effects estimates u for the joint model for the covariates. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value of the level-1 covariance matrix of the joint model for the covariates. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of covariates (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. Functions for imputation with random cluster-specific covariance matrices are an exception, because we need to pass the starting values for all of the matrices stacked one above the other. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix of the joint model for the covariates. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of level-1 covariates (continuous plus latent normals) in the analysis model times the number of random effects plus the number of level-2 covariates. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
a.start |
Starting value for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution of the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is 50+D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. This is used only with clustered data and when option meth is set to "random". |
a.prior |
Hyperparameter (Degrees of freedom) of the chi square prior distribution for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution for the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. |
meth |
Method used to deal with level 1 covariance matrix. When set to "common", a common matrix across clusters is used (functions jomo1rancon, jomo1rancat and jomo1ranmix). When set to "fixed", fixed study-specific matrices are considered (jomo1ranconhr, jomo1rancathr and jomo1ranmixhr with coption meth="fixed"). Finally, when set to "random", random study-specific matrices are considered (jomo1ranconhr, jomo1rancathr and jomo1ranmixhr with option meth="random") |
betaY.start |
Starting value for betaY, the vector of fixed effects for the substantive analysis model. The default is the complete records estimate. |
varY.start |
Starting value for varY, the residual variance of the substantive analysis model. The default is the complete records estimate. |
covuY.start |
Starting value for covuY, the random effects covariance matrix of the substantive analysis model. The default is the complete records estimate. |
uY.start |
Starting value for uY, the random effects matrix of the substantive analysis model. The default is the complete records estimate. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
output |
When set to 0, no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. When set to 1, only the parameter estimates related to the substantive model are shown (default). When set to 2, all parameter estimates (posterior means) are displayed. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
start.imp |
Starting value for the missing data in the covariates of the substantive model. n-level categorical variables are substituted by n-1 latent normals. |
l2.start.imp |
Starting value for the missing data in the level-2 covariates of the substantive model. n-level categorical variables are substituted by n-1 latent normals. |
start.imp.sub |
Starting value for the missing data in the outcome of the substantive model. |
A list is returned; this contains the final imputed dataset (finimp) and several 3-dimensional matrices, containing all the values drawn for each parameter at each iteration: these are fixed effect parameters of the covariates beta (collectbeta), level 1 covariance matrices (collectomega), fixed effect estimates of the substantive model and associated residual variances. If there are some categorical outcomes, a further output is included in the list, finimp.latnorm, containing the final state of the imputed dataset with the latent normal variables.
# make sure sex is a factor: cldata<-within(cldata, sex<-factor(sex)) # we define the data frame with all the variables data<-cldata[,c("measure","age", "sex", "city")] mylevel<-c(1,1,1,1) # And the formula of the substantive lm model formula<-as.formula(measure~sex+age+I(age^2)+(1|city)) #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo.lmer.MCMCchain(formula,data, level=mylevel, nburn=100) # Note we are using only 100 iterations to avoid time consuming examples, # which go against CRAN policies. # We can check, for example, the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:100),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:100],type="l")
# make sure sex is a factor: cldata<-within(cldata, sex<-factor(sex)) # we define the data frame with all the variables data<-cldata[,c("measure","age", "sex", "city")] mylevel<-c(1,1,1,1) # And the formula of the substantive lm model formula<-as.formula(measure~sex+age+I(age^2)+(1|city)) #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo.lmer.MCMCchain(formula,data, level=mylevel, nburn=100) # Note we are using only 100 iterations to avoid time consuming examples, # which go against CRAN policies. # We can check, for example, the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:100),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:100],type="l")
This function is similar to the jomo function, but it returns the values of all the parameters in the model at each step of the MCMC instead of the imputations. It is useful to check the convergence of the MCMC sampler.
jomo.MCMCchain(Y, Y2=NULL, X=NULL, X2=NULL, Z=NULL, clus=NULL, beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, start.imp=NULL, l2.start.imp=NULL, nburn=1000, a=NULL, a.prior=NULL, meth="common",output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo.MCMCchain(Y, Y2=NULL, X=NULL, X2=NULL, Z=NULL, clus=NULL, beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, start.imp=NULL, l2.start.imp=NULL, nburn=1000, a=NULL, a.prior=NULL, meth="common",output=1, out.iter=10)
Y |
A data.frame containing the outcomes of the imputation model, i.e. the partially observed level 1 variables. Columns related to continuous variables have to be numeric and columns related to binary/categorical variables have to be factors. |
Y2 |
A data.frame containing the level-2 outcomes of the imputation model, i.e. the partially observed level-2 variables. Columns related to continuous variables have to be numeric and columns related to binary/categorical variables have to be factors. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
X2 |
A data frame, or matrix, with level-2 covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different level-1 observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
Z |
A data frame, or matrix, for covariates associated to random effects in the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
clus |
A data frame, or matrix, containing the cluster indicator for each observation. If missing, functions for single level imputation are automatically used. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of level-1 fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l2.beta.start |
Starting value for beta2, the vector(s) of level-2 fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different level-2 outcomes. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster for the random effects estimates u. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value for the covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. Functions for imputation with random cluster-specific covariance matrices are an exception, because we need to pass the starting values for all of the matrices stacked one above the other. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model times the number of random effects plus the number of level-2 outcomes. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
start.imp |
Starting value for the imputed dataset. n-level categorical variables are substituted by n-1 latent normals. |
l2.start.imp |
Starting value for the level-2 imputed variables. n-level categorical variables are substituted by n-1 latent normals. |
nburn |
Number of iterations. Default is 1000. |
a |
Starting value for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution of the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is 50+D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. This is used only with clustered data and when option meth is set to "random". |
a.prior |
Hyperparameter (Degrees of freedom) of the chi square prior distribution for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution for the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. |
meth |
Method used to deal with level 1 covariance matrix. When set to "common", a common matrix across clusters is used (functions jomo1rancon, jomo1rancat and jomo1ranmix). When set to "fixed", fixed study-specific matrices are considered (jomo1ranconhr, jomo1rancathr and jomo1ranmixhr with coption meth="fixed"). Finally, when set to "random", random study-specific matrices are considered (jomo1ranconhr, jomo1rancathr and jomo1ranmixhr with option meth="random") |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
A list is returned; this contains the final imputed dataset (finimp) and several 3-dimensional matrices, containing all the values drawn for each parameter at each iteration: these are, potentially, fixed effect parameters beta (collectbeta), random effects (collectu), level 1 (collectomega) and level 2 covariance matrices (collectcovu) and level-2 fixed effect parameters. If there are some categorical outcomes, a further output is included in the list, finimp.latnorm, containing the final state of the imputed dataset with the latent normal variables.
# define all the inputs: Y<-cldata[,c("measure","age")] clus<-cldata[,c("city")] nburn=as.integer(200); #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo.MCMCchain(Y,clus=clus,nburn=nburn) #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l") #Or similarly we can check the convergence of any element of the level 2 covariance matrix: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectcovu[1,2,1:nburn],type="l")
# define all the inputs: Y<-cldata[,c("measure","age")] clus<-cldata[,c("city")] nburn=as.integer(200); #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo.MCMCchain(Y,clus=clus,nburn=nburn) #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l") #Or similarly we can check the convergence of any element of the level 2 covariance matrix: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectcovu[1,2,1:nburn],type="l")
A function for substantive model compatible JM imputation, when the substantive model of interest is a simple ordinal regression model. Interactions and polynomial functions of the covariates are allowed. Data must be passed as a data.frame where continuous variables are numeric and binary/categorical variables are factors.
jomo.polr(formula, data, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL,nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo.polr(formula, data, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL,nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, output=1, out.iter=10)
formula |
an object of class formula: a symbolic description of the model to be fitted. It is possible to include in this formula interactions (through symbols '*' and ' |
data |
A data.frame containing all the variables to include in the imputation model. Columns related to continuous variables have to be numeric and columns related to binary/categorical variables have to be factors. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects for the joint model for the covariates. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value of the level-1 covariance matrix of the joint model for the covariates. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of covariates (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
nbetween |
Number of iterations between two successive imputations. Default is 1000. |
nimp |
Number of Imputations. Default is 5. |
output |
When set to 0, no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. When set to 1, only the parameter estimates related to the substantive model are shown (default). When set to 2, all parameter estimates (posterior means) are displayed. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
This function allows for substantive model compatible imputation when the substantive model is a simple ordinal regression model. It can deal with interactions and polynomial terms through the usual lm syntax in the formula argument. Format of the columns of data is crucial in order for the function to deal with binary/categorical covariates appropriately in the imputation algorithm.
On screen, the posterior mean of the fixed effect estimates and of the residual variance are shown. The only argument returned is the imputed dataset in long format. Column "Imputation" indexes the imputations. Imputation number 0 are the original data.
Carpenter J.R., Kenward M.G., (2013), Multiple Imputation and its Application. Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-470-74052-1.
# make sure social is a factor: sldata<-within(sldata, social<-factor(social)) # we define the data frame with all the variables data<-sldata[,c("measure","age", "social")] # And the formula of the substantive lm model # social as an outcome only because it is the only binary variable in the dataset... formula<-as.formula(social~age+measure) #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo.polr(formula,data, nburn=100, nbetween=100, nimp=2) # Note we are using only 100 iterations to avoid time consuming examples, # which go against CRAN policies. In real applications we would use # much larger burn-ins (around 1000) and at least 5 imputations. # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
# make sure social is a factor: sldata<-within(sldata, social<-factor(social)) # we define the data frame with all the variables data<-sldata[,c("measure","age", "social")] # And the formula of the substantive lm model # social as an outcome only because it is the only binary variable in the dataset... formula<-as.formula(social~age+measure) #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo.polr(formula,data, nburn=100, nbetween=100, nimp=2) # Note we are using only 100 iterations to avoid time consuming examples, # which go against CRAN policies. In real applications we would use # much larger burn-ins (around 1000) and at least 5 imputations. # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
This function is similar to the jomo.polr function, but it returns the values of all the parameters in the model at each step of the MCMC instead of the imputations. It is useful to check the convergence of the MCMC sampler.
jomo.polr.MCMCchain(formula, data, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, betaY.start=NULL, nburn=1000, start.imp=NULL, start.imp.sub=NULL, output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo.polr.MCMCchain(formula, data, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, betaY.start=NULL, nburn=1000, start.imp=NULL, start.imp.sub=NULL, output=1, out.iter=10)
formula |
an object of class formula: a symbolic description of the model to be fitted. It is possible to include in this formula interactions (through symbols '*' and ' |
data |
A data.frame containing all the variables to include in the imputation model. Columns related to continuous variables have to be numeric and columns related to binary/categorical variables have to be factors. |
start.imp |
Starting value for the imputed covariates. n-level categorical variables are substituted by n-1 latent normals. |
start.imp.sub |
Starting value for the imputations of the outcome. When using binomial family, this is the value of the latent normal. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects for the joint model for the covariates. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value of the level-1 covariance matrix of the joint model for the covariates. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of covariates (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
betaY.start |
Starting value for betaY, the vector of fixed effects for the substantive analysis model. The default is the complete records estimate. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
output |
When set to 0, no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. When set to 1, only the parameter estimates related to the substantive model are shown (default). When set to 2, all parameter estimates (posterior means) are displayed. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
A list is returned; this contains the final imputed dataset (finimp) and several 3-dimensional matrices, containing all the values drawn for each parameter at each iteration: these are fixed effect parameters of the covariates beta (collectbeta), level 1 covariance matrices (collectomega), fixed effect estimates of the substantive model and associated residual variances. If there are some categorical outcomes, a further output is included in the list, finimp.latnorm, containing the final state of the imputed dataset with the latent normal variables.
# make sure social is a factor: sldata<-within(sldata, social<-factor(social)) # we define the data frame with all the variables data<-sldata[,c("measure","age", "social")] # And the formula of the substantive lm model # social as an outcome only because it is the only ordinal variable in the dataset... formula<-as.formula(social~age+measure) #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo.polr.MCMCchain(formula,data, nburn=100) # Note we are using only 100 iterations to avoid time consuming examples, # which go against CRAN policies. In real applications we would use # much larger burn-ins (around 1000, to say the least). # We can check, for example, the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:100),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:100],type="l")
# make sure social is a factor: sldata<-within(sldata, social<-factor(social)) # we define the data frame with all the variables data<-sldata[,c("measure","age", "social")] # And the formula of the substantive lm model # social as an outcome only because it is the only ordinal variable in the dataset... formula<-as.formula(social~age+measure) #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo.polr.MCMCchain(formula,data, nburn=100) # Note we are using only 100 iterations to avoid time consuming examples, # which go against CRAN policies. In real applications we would use # much larger burn-ins (around 1000, to say the least). # We can check, for example, the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:100),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:100],type="l")
A wrapper function for all the substantive model compatible JM imputation functions. The substantive model of interest is either lm, glm, polr, lmer, clmm, glmer or coxph. Interactions and polynomial functions of the covariates are allowed. Data must be passed as a data.frame where continuous variables are numeric and binary/categorical variables are factors.
jomo.smc(formula, data, level=rep(1,ncol(data)), beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, a.start=NULL, a.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, meth="common", family="binomial", output=1, out.iter=10, model)
jomo.smc(formula, data, level=rep(1,ncol(data)), beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, a.start=NULL, a.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, meth="common", family="binomial", output=1, out.iter=10, model)
formula |
an object of class formula: a symbolic description of the model to be fitted. It is possible to include in this formula interactions (through symbols '*' and ' |
data |
A data.frame containing all the variables to include in the imputation model. Columns related to continuous variables have to be numeric and columns related to binary/categorical variables have to be factors. |
level |
If the dataset is multilevel, this must be a vector indicating whether each variable is either a level 1 or a level 2 variable. The value assigned to the cluster indicator is irrelevant. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of level-1 fixed effects for the joint model for the covariates. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l2.beta.start |
Starting value for beta2, the vector(s) of level-2 fixed effects for the joint model for the covariates. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster of the random effects estimates u for the joint model for the covariates. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value of the level-1 covariance matrix of the joint model for the covariates. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of covariates (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. Functions for imputation with random cluster-specific covariance matrices are an exception, because we need to pass the starting values for all of the matrices stacked one above the other. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix of the joint model for the covariates. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of level-1 covariates (continuous plus latent normals) in the analysis model times the number of random effects plus the number of level-2 covariates. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
a.start |
Starting value for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution of the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is 50+D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. This is used only with clustered data and when option meth is set to "random". |
a.prior |
Hyperparameter (Degrees of freedom) of the chi square prior distribution for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution for the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. |
meth |
Method used to deal with level 1 covariance matrix. When set to "common", a common matrix across clusters is used (functions jomo1rancon, jomo1rancat and jomo1ranmix). When set to "fixed", fixed study-specific matrices are considered (jomo1ranconhr, jomo1rancathr and jomo1ranmixhr with coption meth="fixed"). Finally, when set to "random", random study-specific matrices are considered (jomo1ranconhr, jomo1rancathr and jomo1ranmixhr with option meth="random") |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
nbetween |
Number of iterations between two successive imputations. Default is 1000. |
nimp |
Number of Imputations. Default is 5. |
output |
When set to 0, no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. When set to 1, only the parameter estimates related to the substantive model are shown (default). When set to 2, all parameter estimates (posterior means) are displayed. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
model |
The type of model we want to impute compatibly with. It can currently be one of lm, glm (binomial), polr, coxph, lmer, clmm or glmer (binomial). |
family |
One of either "gaussian"" or "binomial". For binomial family, a probit link is assumed. |
This function allows for substantive model compatible imputation. It can deal with interactions and polynomial terms through the usual lmer syntax in the formula argument. Format of the columns of data is crucial in order for the function to deal with binary/categorical covariates appropriately in the imputation algorithm.
On screen, the posterior mean of the fixed effect estimates and of the residual variance are shown. The only argument returned is the imputed dataset in long format. Column "Imputation" indexes the imputations. Imputation number 0 are the original data.
Carpenter J.R., Kenward M.G., (2013), Multiple Imputation and its Application. Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-470-74052-1.
# make sure sex is a factor: cldata<-within(cldata, sex<-factor(sex)) # we define the data frame with all the variables data<-cldata[,c("measure","age", "sex", "city")] mylevel<-c(1,1,1,1) # And the formula of the substantive lm model formula<-as.formula(measure~sex+age+I(age^2)+(1|city)) #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo.smc(formula,data, level=mylevel, nburn=100, nbetween=100, model="lmer") # Note we are using only 100 iterations to avoid time consuming examples, # which go against CRAN policies. # If we were interested in a model with interactions: # formula2<-as.formula(measure~sex*age+(1|city)) # imp2<-jomo.smc(formula2,data, level=mylevel, nburn=100, nbetween=100, model="lmer") # The analysis and combination steps are as for all the other functions # (see e.g. help file for function jomo)
# make sure sex is a factor: cldata<-within(cldata, sex<-factor(sex)) # we define the data frame with all the variables data<-cldata[,c("measure","age", "sex", "city")] mylevel<-c(1,1,1,1) # And the formula of the substantive lm model formula<-as.formula(measure~sex+age+I(age^2)+(1|city)) #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo.smc(formula,data, level=mylevel, nburn=100, nbetween=100, model="lmer") # Note we are using only 100 iterations to avoid time consuming examples, # which go against CRAN policies. # If we were interested in a model with interactions: # formula2<-as.formula(measure~sex*age+(1|city)) # imp2<-jomo.smc(formula2,data, level=mylevel, nburn=100, nbetween=100, model="lmer") # The analysis and combination steps are as for all the other functions # (see e.g. help file for function jomo)
This function is similar to the jomo.smc function, but it returns the values of all the parameters in the model at each step of the MCMC instead of the imputations. It is useful to check the convergence of the MCMC sampler.
jomo.smc.MCMCchain(formula, data, level=rep(1,ncol(data)), beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, a.start=NULL, a.prior=NULL, betaY.start=NULL, varY.start=NULL, covuY.start=NULL, uY.start=NULL, nburn=1000, meth="common", family="binomial", start.imp=NULL, start.imp.sub=NULL, l2.start.imp=NULL, output=1, out.iter=10, model)
jomo.smc.MCMCchain(formula, data, level=rep(1,ncol(data)), beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, a.start=NULL, a.prior=NULL, betaY.start=NULL, varY.start=NULL, covuY.start=NULL, uY.start=NULL, nburn=1000, meth="common", family="binomial", start.imp=NULL, start.imp.sub=NULL, l2.start.imp=NULL, output=1, out.iter=10, model)
formula |
an object of class formula: a symbolic description of the model to be fitted. It is possible to include in this formula interactions (through symbols '*' and ' |
data |
A data.frame containing all the variables to include in the imputation model. Columns related to continuous variables have to be numeric and columns related to binary/categorical variables have to be factors. |
level |
If the dataset is multilevel, this must be a vector indicating whether each variable is either a level 1 or a level 2 variable. The value assigned to the cluster indicator is irrelevant. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of level-1 fixed effects for the joint model for the covariates. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l2.beta.start |
Starting value for beta2, the vector(s) of level-2 fixed effects for the joint model for the covariates. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster of the random effects estimates u for the joint model for the covariates. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value of the level-1 covariance matrix of the joint model for the covariates. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of covariates (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. Functions for imputation with random cluster-specific covariance matrices are an exception, because we need to pass the starting values for all of the matrices stacked one above the other. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix of the joint model for the covariates. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of level-1 covariates (continuous plus latent normals) in the analysis model times the number of random effects plus the number of level-2 covariates. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
a.start |
Starting value for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution of the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is 50+D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. This is used only with clustered data and when option meth is set to "random". |
a.prior |
Hyperparameter (Degrees of freedom) of the chi square prior distribution for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution for the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. |
meth |
Method used to deal with level 1 covariance matrix. When set to "common", a common matrix across clusters is used (functions jomo1rancon, jomo1rancat and jomo1ranmix). When set to "fixed", fixed study-specific matrices are considered (jomo1ranconhr, jomo1rancathr and jomo1ranmixhr with coption meth="fixed"). Finally, when set to "random", random study-specific matrices are considered (jomo1ranconhr, jomo1rancathr and jomo1ranmixhr with option meth="random") |
betaY.start |
Starting value for betaY, the vector of fixed effects for the substantive analysis model. The default is the complete records estimate. |
varY.start |
Starting value for varY, the residual variance of the substantive analysis model. The default is the complete records estimate. |
covuY.start |
Starting value for covuY, the random effects covariance matrix of the substantive analysis model. The default is the complete records estimate. |
uY.start |
Starting value for uY, the random effects matrix of the substantive analysis model. The default is the complete records estimate. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
output |
When set to 0, no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. When set to 1, only the parameter estimates related to the substantive model are shown (default). When set to 2, all parameter estimates (posterior means) are displayed. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
start.imp |
Starting value for the missing data in the covariates of the substantive model. n-level categorical variables are substituted by n-1 latent normals. |
l2.start.imp |
Starting value for the missing data in the level-2 covariates of the substantive model. n-level categorical variables are substituted by n-1 latent normals. |
start.imp.sub |
Starting value for the missing data in the outcome of the substantive model. |
model |
The type of model we want to impute compatibly with. It can currently be one of lm, glm (binomial), polr, coxph, lmer, clmm or glmer (binomial). |
family |
One of either "gaussian"" or "binomial". For binomial family, a probit link is assumed. |
A list is returned; this contains the final imputed dataset (finimp) and several 3-dimensional matrices, containing all the values drawn for each parameter at each iteration: these are fixed effect parameters of the covariates beta (collectbeta), level 1 covariance matrices (collectomega), fixed effect estimates of the substantive model and associated residual variances. If there are some categorical outcomes, a further output is included in the list, finimp.latnorm, containing the final state of the imputed dataset with the latent normal variables.
# make sure sex is a factor: cldata<-within(cldata, sex<-factor(sex)) # we define the data frame with all the variables data<-cldata[,c("measure","age", "sex", "city")] mylevel<-c(1,1,1,1) # And the formula of the substantive lm model formula<-as.formula(measure~sex+age+I(age^2)+(1|city)) #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo.smc.MCMCchain(formula,data, level=mylevel, nburn=100, model="lmer") # Note we are using only 100 iterations to avoid time consuming examples, # which go against CRAN policies. # We can check, for example, the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:100),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:100],type="l")
# make sure sex is a factor: cldata<-within(cldata, sex<-factor(sex)) # we define the data frame with all the variables data<-cldata[,c("measure","age", "sex", "city")] mylevel<-c(1,1,1,1) # And the formula of the substantive lm model formula<-as.formula(measure~sex+age+I(age^2)+(1|city)) #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo.smc.MCMCchain(formula,data, level=mylevel, nburn=100, model="lmer") # Note we are using only 100 iterations to avoid time consuming examples, # which go against CRAN policies. # We can check, for example, the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:100),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:100],type="l")
A wrapper function linking the 3 single level JM Imputation functions. The matrix of responses Y, must be a data.frame where continuous variables are numeric and binary/categorical variables are factors.
jomo1 (Y, X=NULL, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, nburn=100, nbetween=100, nimp=5, output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo1 (Y, X=NULL, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, nburn=100, nbetween=100, nimp=5, output=1, out.iter=10)
Y |
A data.frame containing the outcomes of the imputation model. Columns related to continuous variables have to be numeric and columns related to binary/categorical variables have to be factors. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value for the covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 100. |
nbetween |
Number of iterations between two successive imputations. Default is 100. |
nimp |
Number of Imputations. Default is 5. |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
This is just a wrapper function to link jomo1con, jomo1cat and jomo1mix. Format of the columns of Y is crucial in order for the function to be using the right sub-function.
On screen, the posterior mean of the fixed effects estimates and of the covariance matrix are shown. The only argument returned is the imputed dataset in long format. Column "Imputation" indexes the imputations. Imputation number 0 are the original data.
Carpenter J.R., Kenward M.G., (2013), Multiple Imputation and its Application. Chapter 3-5, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-470-74052-1.
# define all the inputs: Y<-sldata[,c("measure","age")] nburn=as.integer(200); nbetween=as.integer(200); nimp=as.integer(5); # Then we run the function: imp<-jomo1(Y,nburn=nburn,nbetween=nbetween,nimp=nimp) # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
# define all the inputs: Y<-sldata[,c("measure","age")] nburn=as.integer(200); nbetween=as.integer(200); nimp=as.integer(5); # Then we run the function: imp<-jomo1(Y,nburn=nburn,nbetween=nbetween,nimp=nimp) # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
This function is similar to jomo1, but it returns the values of all the parameters in the model at each step of the MCMC instead of the imputations. It is useful to check the convergence of the MCMC sampler.
jomo1.MCMCchain(Y, X=NULL, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, start.imp=NULL, nburn=100, output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo1.MCMCchain(Y, X=NULL, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, start.imp=NULL, nburn=100, output=1, out.iter=10)
Y |
A data.frame containing the outcomes of the imputation model. Columns related to continuous variables have to be numeric and columns related to binary/categorical variables have to be factors. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value for the covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
start.imp |
Starting value for the imputed dataset. n-level categorical variables are substituted by n-1 latent normals. |
nburn |
Number of iterations. Default is 100. |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
A list with three elements is returned: the final imputed dataset (finimp) and three 3-dimensional matrices, containing all the values for beta (collectbeta) and omega (collectomega). If there are some categorical outcomes, a further output is included in the list, finimp.latnorm, containing the final state of the imputed dataset with the latent normal variables.
# define all the inputs: Y<-sldata[,c("measure","age")] nburn=as.integer(200); # Then we run the function: imp<-jomo1.MCMCchain(Y,nburn=nburn) #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l") #Or similarly we can check the convergence of any element of omega: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectomega[1,2,1:nburn],type="l")
# define all the inputs: Y<-sldata[,c("measure","age")] nburn=as.integer(200); # Then we run the function: imp<-jomo1.MCMCchain(Y,nburn=nburn) #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l") #Or similarly we can check the convergence of any element of omega: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectomega[1,2,1:nburn],type="l")
Impute a single level dataset with categorical variables as outcomes. A joint multivariate model for partially observed data is assumed and imputations are generated through the use of a Gibbs sampler where the covariance matrix is updated with a Metropolis-Hastings step. Fully observed categorical covariates can be included in the imputation model as covariates as well, but in that case dummy variables have to be created first.
jomo1cat(Y.cat, Y.numcat, X=NULL, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, nburn=100, nbetween=100, nimp=5,output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo1cat(Y.cat, Y.numcat, X=NULL, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, nburn=100, nbetween=100, nimp=5,output=1, out.iter=10)
Y.cat |
A data frame, or matrix, with categorical (or binary) responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are coded as NA. |
Y.numcat |
A vector with the number of categories in each categorical (or binary) variable. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value for the covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 100. |
nbetween |
Number of iterations between two successive imputations. Default is 100. |
nimp |
Number of Imputations. Default is 5. |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
The Gibbs sampler algorithm used is described in detail in Chapter 5 of Carpenter and Kenward (2013). Regarding the choice of the priors, a flat prior is considered for beta and for the covariance matrix. A Metropolis Hastings step is implemented to update the covariance matrix, as described in the book. Binary or continuous covariates in the imputation model may be considered without any problem, but when considering a categorical covariate it has to be included with dummy variables (binary indicators) only.
On screen, the posterior mean of the fixed effects estimates and of the covariance matrix are shown. The only argument returned is the imputed dataset in long format. Column "Imputation" indexes the imputations. Imputation number 0 are the original data.
Carpenter J.R., Kenward M.G., (2013), Multiple Imputation and its Application. Chapter 5, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-470-74052-1.
# make sure sex is a factor: sldata<-within(sldata, sex<-factor(sex)) # we define all the inputs: # nimp, nburn and nbetween are smaller than they should. This is #just because of CRAN policies on the examples. Y.cat=sldata[,c("social"), drop=FALSE] Y.numcat=matrix(4,1,1) X=data.frame(rep(1,300),sldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") beta.start<-matrix(0,2,3) l1cov.start<-diag(1,3) l1cov.prior=diag(1,3); nburn=as.integer(100); nbetween=as.integer(100); nimp=as.integer(5); # Finally we run the sampler: imp<-jomo1cat(Y.cat,Y.numcat,X,beta.start,l1cov.start,l1cov.prior,nburn,nbetween,nimp) #See one of the imputed values: cat("Original value was missing (",imp[16,1],"), imputed value:", imp[316,1]) # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
# make sure sex is a factor: sldata<-within(sldata, sex<-factor(sex)) # we define all the inputs: # nimp, nburn and nbetween are smaller than they should. This is #just because of CRAN policies on the examples. Y.cat=sldata[,c("social"), drop=FALSE] Y.numcat=matrix(4,1,1) X=data.frame(rep(1,300),sldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") beta.start<-matrix(0,2,3) l1cov.start<-diag(1,3) l1cov.prior=diag(1,3); nburn=as.integer(100); nbetween=as.integer(100); nimp=as.integer(5); # Finally we run the sampler: imp<-jomo1cat(Y.cat,Y.numcat,X,beta.start,l1cov.start,l1cov.prior,nburn,nbetween,nimp) #See one of the imputed values: cat("Original value was missing (",imp[16,1],"), imputed value:", imp[316,1]) # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
This function is similar to jomo1cat, but it returns the values of all the parameters in the model at each step of the MCMC instead of the imputations. It is useful to check the convergence of the MCMC sampler.
jomo1cat.MCMCchain(Y.cat, Y.numcat, X=NULL, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, start.imp=NULL, nburn=100, output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo1cat.MCMCchain(Y.cat, Y.numcat, X=NULL, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, start.imp=NULL, nburn=100, output=1, out.iter=10)
Y.cat |
A data frame, or matrix, with categorical (or binary) responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are coded as NA. |
Y.numcat |
A vector with the number of categories in each categorical (or binary) variable. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value for the covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
start.imp |
Starting value for the imputed dataset. n-level categorical variables are substituted by n-1 latent normals. |
nburn |
Number of iterations. Default is 100. |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
A list with four elements is returned: the final imputed dataset (finimp) and three 3-dimensional matrices, containing all the values drawn at each iteration for fixed effect parameters beta (collectbeta) and covariance matrix omega (collectomega). Finally, in finimp.latnorm, it is stored the final state of the imputed dataset with the latent normals in place of the categorical variables.
# make sure sex is a factor: sldata<-within(sldata, sex<-factor(sex)) # we define all the inputs: # nburn is smaller than necessary. This is #just because of CRAN policies on the examples. Y.cat=sldata[,c("social"), drop=FALSE] Y.numcat=matrix(4,1,1) X=data.frame(rep(1,300),sldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") beta.start<-matrix(0,2,3) l1cov.start<-diag(1,3) l1cov.prior=diag(1,3); nburn=as.integer(100); # Finally we run the sampler: imp<-jomo1cat.MCMCchain(Y.cat,Y.numcat,X,beta.start,l1cov.start,l1cov.prior,nburn=nburn) #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l")
# make sure sex is a factor: sldata<-within(sldata, sex<-factor(sex)) # we define all the inputs: # nburn is smaller than necessary. This is #just because of CRAN policies on the examples. Y.cat=sldata[,c("social"), drop=FALSE] Y.numcat=matrix(4,1,1) X=data.frame(rep(1,300),sldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") beta.start<-matrix(0,2,3) l1cov.start<-diag(1,3) l1cov.prior=diag(1,3); nburn=as.integer(100); # Finally we run the sampler: imp<-jomo1cat.MCMCchain(Y.cat,Y.numcat,X,beta.start,l1cov.start,l1cov.prior,nburn=nburn) #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l")
Impute a single level dataset with continuous outcomes only. A joint multivariate model for partially observed data is assumed and imputations are generated through the use of a Gibbs sampler. Categorical covariates may be considered, but they have to be included with dummy variables.
jomo1con(Y, X=NULL, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, nburn=100, nbetween=100, nimp=5, output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo1con(Y, X=NULL, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, nburn=100, nbetween=100, nimp=5, output=1, out.iter=10)
Y |
A data frame, or matrix, with responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are coded as NA. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value for the covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 100. |
nbetween |
Number of iterations between two successive imputations. Default is 100. |
nimp |
Number of Imputations. Default is 5. |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
The Gibbs sampler algorithm used is described in detail in Chapter 3 of Carpenter and Kenward (2013). Regarding the choice of the priors, a flat prior is considered for beta, while an inverse-Wishart prior is given to the covariance matrix, with p-1 degrees of freedom, aka the minimum possible, to guarantee the greatest uncertainty. Binary or continuous covariates in the imputation model may be considered without any problem, but when considering a categorical covariate it has to be included through dummy variables (binary indicators) only.
On screen, the posterior mean of the fixed effects estimates and of the covariance matrix are shown. The only argument returned is the imputed dataset in long format. Column "Imputation" indexes the imputations. Imputation number 0 are the original data.
Carpenter J.R., Kenward M.G., (2013), Multiple Imputation and its Application. Chapter 3, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-470-74052-1.
#We define all the inputs: Y=sldata[,c("measure", "age")] X=data.frame(rep(1,300),sldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") beta.start<-matrix(0,2,2) l1cov.start<-diag(1,2) l1cov.prior=diag(1,2); nburn=as.integer(200); nbetween=as.integer(200); nimp=as.integer(5); # Then we run he function: imp<-jomo1con(Y,X,beta.start,l1cov.start,l1cov.prior,nburn,nbetween,nimp) cat("Original value was missing(",imp[1,1],"), imputed value:", imp[301,1]) # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
#We define all the inputs: Y=sldata[,c("measure", "age")] X=data.frame(rep(1,300),sldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") beta.start<-matrix(0,2,2) l1cov.start<-diag(1,2) l1cov.prior=diag(1,2); nburn=as.integer(200); nbetween=as.integer(200); nimp=as.integer(5); # Then we run he function: imp<-jomo1con(Y,X,beta.start,l1cov.start,l1cov.prior,nburn,nbetween,nimp) cat("Original value was missing(",imp[1,1],"), imputed value:", imp[301,1]) # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
This function is similar to jomo1con, but it returns the values of all the parameters in the model at each step of the MCMC instead of the imputations. It is useful to check the convergence of the MCMC sampler.
jomo1con.MCMCchain(Y, X=NULL, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, start.imp=NULL, nburn=100, output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo1con.MCMCchain(Y, X=NULL, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, start.imp=NULL, nburn=100, output=1, out.iter=10)
Y |
A data frame, or matrix, with responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are coded as NA. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value for the covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
start.imp |
Starting value for the imputed dataset. |
nburn |
Number of iterations. Default is 100. |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
A list with three elements is returned: the final imputed dataset (finimp) and three 3-dimensional matrices, containing all the values for the fixed effect parameters beta (collectbeta) and the covariance matrix omega (collectomega).
#We define all the inputs: Y=sldata[,c("measure", "age")] X=data.frame(rep(1,300),sldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") beta.start<-matrix(0,2,2) l1cov.start<-diag(1,2) l1cov.prior=diag(1,2); nburn=as.integer(200); # Then we run he function: imp<-jomo1con.MCMCchain(Y,X,beta.start,l1cov.start,l1cov.prior,nburn=nburn) #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l") #Or similarly we can check the convergence of any element of omega: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectomega[1,2,1:nburn],type="l")
#We define all the inputs: Y=sldata[,c("measure", "age")] X=data.frame(rep(1,300),sldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") beta.start<-matrix(0,2,2) l1cov.start<-diag(1,2) l1cov.prior=diag(1,2); nburn=as.integer(200); # Then we run he function: imp<-jomo1con.MCMCchain(Y,X,beta.start,l1cov.start,l1cov.prior,nburn=nburn) #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l") #Or similarly we can check the convergence of any element of omega: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectomega[1,2,1:nburn],type="l")
Impute a single level dataset with mixed data types as outcome. A joint multivariate model for partially observed data is assumed and imputations are generated through the use of a Gibbs sampler where the covariance matrix is updated with a Metropolis-Hastings step. Fully observed categorical variables may be considered as covariates as well, but they have to be included as dummy variables.
jomo1mix(Y.con, Y.cat, Y.numcat, X=NULL, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, nburn=100, nbetween=100, nimp=5, output=1,out.iter=10)
jomo1mix(Y.con, Y.cat, Y.numcat, X=NULL, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, nburn=100, nbetween=100, nimp=5, output=1,out.iter=10)
Y.con |
A data frame, or matrix, with continuous responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are coded as NA. If no continuous outcomes are present in the model, jomo1cat should be used instead. |
Y.cat |
A data frame, or matrix, with categorical (or binary) responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are coded as NA. |
Y.numcat |
A vector with the number of categories in each categorical (or binary) variable. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. For each n-category variable we define n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value for the covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 100. |
nbetween |
Number of iterations between two successive imputations. Default is 100. |
nimp |
Number of Imputations. Default is 5. |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
Regarding the choice of the priors, a flat prior is considered for beta and for the covariance matrix. A Metropolis Hastings step is implemented to update the covariance matrix, as described in the book. Binary or continuous covariates in the imputation model may be considered without any problem, but when considering a categorical covariate it has to be included with dummy variables (binary indicators) only.
On screen, the posterior mean of the fixed effects estimates and of the covariance matrix are shown. The only argument returned is the imputed dataset in long format. Column "Imputation" indexes the imputations. Imputation number 0 are the original data.
Carpenter J.R., Kenward M.G., (2013), Multiple Imputation and its Application. Chapter 5, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-470-74052-1.
#Then, we define all the inputs: # nburn is smaller than needed. This is #just because of CRAN policies on the examples. Y.con=sldata[,c("measure","age")] Y.cat=sldata[,c("social"), drop=FALSE] Y.numcat=matrix(4,1,1) X=data.frame(rep(1,300),sldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") beta.start<-matrix(0,2,5) l1cov.start<-diag(1,5) l1cov.prior=diag(1,5); nburn=as.integer(100); nbetween=as.integer(100); nimp=as.integer(5); #Then we run the sampler: imp<-jomo1mix(Y.con,Y.cat,Y.numcat,X,beta.start,l1cov.start, l1cov.prior,nburn,nbetween,nimp) cat("Original value was missing(",imp[1,1],"), imputed value:", imp[301,1]) # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
#Then, we define all the inputs: # nburn is smaller than needed. This is #just because of CRAN policies on the examples. Y.con=sldata[,c("measure","age")] Y.cat=sldata[,c("social"), drop=FALSE] Y.numcat=matrix(4,1,1) X=data.frame(rep(1,300),sldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") beta.start<-matrix(0,2,5) l1cov.start<-diag(1,5) l1cov.prior=diag(1,5); nburn=as.integer(100); nbetween=as.integer(100); nimp=as.integer(5); #Then we run the sampler: imp<-jomo1mix(Y.con,Y.cat,Y.numcat,X,beta.start,l1cov.start, l1cov.prior,nburn,nbetween,nimp) cat("Original value was missing(",imp[1,1],"), imputed value:", imp[301,1]) # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
This function is similar to jomo1mix, but it returns the values of all the parameters in the model at each step of the MCMC instead of the imputations. It is useful to check the convergence of the MCMC sampler.
jomo1mix.MCMCchain(Y.con, Y.cat, Y.numcat, X=NULL, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, start.imp=NULL, nburn=100, output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo1mix.MCMCchain(Y.con, Y.cat, Y.numcat, X=NULL, beta.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, start.imp=NULL, nburn=100, output=1, out.iter=10)
Y.con |
A data frame, or matrix, with continuous responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are coded as NA. If no continuous outcomes are present in the model, jomo1cat should be used instead. |
Y.cat |
A data frame, or matrix, with categorical (or binary) responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are coded as NA. |
Y.numcat |
A vector with the number of categories in each categorical (or binary) variable. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. For each n-category variable we define n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value for the covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
start.imp |
Starting value for the imputed dataset. n-level categorical variables are substituted by n-1 latent normals. |
nburn |
Number of iterations. Default is 100. |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
A list with four elements is returned: the final imputed dataset (finimp) and three 3-dimensional matrices, containing all the values for beta (collectbeta) and omega (collectomega). Finally, in finimp.latnorm it is stored the final state of the imputed dataset with the latent normals in place of the categorical variables.
#Then, we define all the inputs: # nburn is smaller than needed. This is #just because of CRAN policies on the examples. Y.con=sldata[,c("measure","age")] Y.cat=sldata[,c("social"), drop=FALSE] Y.numcat=matrix(4,1,1) X=data.frame(rep(1,300),sldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") beta.start<-matrix(0,2,5) l1cov.start<-diag(1,5) l1cov.prior=diag(1,5); nburn=as.integer(100); #Then we run the sampler: imp<-jomo1mix.MCMCchain(Y.con,Y.cat,Y.numcat,X,beta.start,l1cov.start,l1cov.prior,nburn=nburn) #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l") #Or similarly we can check the convergence of any element of omega: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectomega[1,1,1:nburn],type="l")
#Then, we define all the inputs: # nburn is smaller than needed. This is #just because of CRAN policies on the examples. Y.con=sldata[,c("measure","age")] Y.cat=sldata[,c("social"), drop=FALSE] Y.numcat=matrix(4,1,1) X=data.frame(rep(1,300),sldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") beta.start<-matrix(0,2,5) l1cov.start<-diag(1,5) l1cov.prior=diag(1,5); nburn=as.integer(100); #Then we run the sampler: imp<-jomo1mix.MCMCchain(Y.con,Y.cat,Y.numcat,X,beta.start,l1cov.start,l1cov.prior,nburn=nburn) #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l") #Or similarly we can check the convergence of any element of omega: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectomega[1,1,1:nburn],type="l")
A wrapper function linking the six 2-level JM Imputation functions. The matrix of responses Y, must be a data.frame where continuous variables are numeric and binary/categorical variables are factors.
jomo1ran(Y, X=NULL, Z=NULL,clus, beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, a=NULL, a.prior=NULL, meth="common", output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo1ran(Y, X=NULL, Z=NULL,clus, beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, a=NULL, a.prior=NULL, meth="common", output=1, out.iter=10)
Y |
A data.frame containing the outcomes of the imputation model. Columns related to continuous variables have to be numeric and columns related to binary/categorical variables have to be factors. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
Z |
A data frame, or matrix, for covariates associated to random effects in the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
clus |
A data frame, or matrix, containing the cluster indicator for each observation. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. For each n-category variable we define n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster for the random effects estimates u. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value for the covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model times the number of random effects. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
nbetween |
Number of iterations between two successive imputations. Default is 1000. |
nimp |
Number of Imputations. Default is 5. |
a |
Starting value for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution of the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is 50+D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. This is used only when option meth is set to "random". |
a.prior |
Hyperparameter (Degrees of freedom) of the chi square prior distribution for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution for the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is the starting value for a. |
meth |
Method used to deal with level 1 covariance matrix. When set to "common", a common matrix across clusters is used (functions jomo1rancon, jomo1rancat and jomo1ranmix). When set to "fixed", fixed study-specific matrices are considered (jomo1ranconhr, jomo1rancathr and jomo1ranmixhr with coption meth="fixed"). Finally, when set to "random", random study-specific matrices are considered (jomo1ranconhr, jomo1rancathr and jomo1ranmixhr with coption meth="random") |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
This is just a wrapper function to link jomo1rancon, jomo1rancat and jomo1ranmix and the respective "hr" (heterogeneity in covariance matrices) versions. Format of the columns of Y is crucial in order for the function to be using the right sub-function.
On screen, the posterior mean of the fixed effects estimates and of the covariance matrix are shown. The only argument returned is the imputed dataset in long format. Column "Imputation" indexes the imputations. Imputation number 0 are the original data.
Carpenter J.R., Kenward M.G., (2013), Multiple Imputation and its Application. Chapter 9, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-470-74052-1.
# define all the inputs: Y<-cldata[,c("measure","age")] clus<-cldata[,c("city")] nburn=as.integer(200); nbetween=as.integer(200); nimp=as.integer(5); #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo1ran(Y,clus=clus,nburn=nburn,nbetween=nbetween,nimp=nimp) #we could even run it with fixed or random cluster-specific covariance matrices: #imp<-jomo1ran(Y,clus=clus,nburn=nburn,nbetween=nbetween,nimp=nimp, meth="fixed") #or: #imp<-jomo1ran(Y,clus=clus,nburn=nburn,nbetween=nbetween,nimp=nimp, meth="random") # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
# define all the inputs: Y<-cldata[,c("measure","age")] clus<-cldata[,c("city")] nburn=as.integer(200); nbetween=as.integer(200); nimp=as.integer(5); #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo1ran(Y,clus=clus,nburn=nburn,nbetween=nbetween,nimp=nimp) #we could even run it with fixed or random cluster-specific covariance matrices: #imp<-jomo1ran(Y,clus=clus,nburn=nburn,nbetween=nbetween,nimp=nimp, meth="fixed") #or: #imp<-jomo1ran(Y,clus=clus,nburn=nburn,nbetween=nbetween,nimp=nimp, meth="random") # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
This function is similar to jomo1ran, but it returns the values of all the parameters in the model at each step of the MCMC instead of the imputations. It is useful to check the convergence of the MCMC sampler.
jomo1ran.MCMCchain(Y, X=NULL, Z=NULL,clus, beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL,l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, start.imp=NULL, nburn=1000, a=NULL,a.prior=NULL, meth="common", output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo1ran.MCMCchain(Y, X=NULL, Z=NULL,clus, beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL,l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, start.imp=NULL, nburn=1000, a=NULL,a.prior=NULL, meth="common", output=1, out.iter=10)
Y |
A data.frame containing the outcomes of the imputation model. Columns related to continuous variables have to be numeric and columns related to binary/categorical variables have to be factors. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
Z |
A data frame, or matrix, for covariates associated to random effects in the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
clus |
A data frame, or matrix, containing the cluster indicator for each observation. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. For each n-category variable we define n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster for the random effects estimates u. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value for the covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model times the number of random effects. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
start.imp |
Starting value for the imputed dataset. n-level categorical variables are substituted by n-1 latent normals. |
nburn |
Number of iterations. Default is 1000. |
a |
Starting value for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution of the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is 50+D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. This is used only when option meth is set to "random". |
a.prior |
Hyperparameter (Degrees of freedom) of the chi square prior distribution for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution for the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is the starting value for a. |
meth |
Method used to deal with level 1 covariance matrix. When set to "common", a common matrix across clusters is used (functions jomo1rancon, jomo1rancat and jomo1ranmix). When set to "fixed", fixed study-specific matrices are considered (jomo1ranconhr, jomo1rancathr and jomo1ranmixhr with coption meth="fixed"). Finally, when set to "random", random study-specific matrices are considered (jomo1ranconhr, jomo1rancathr and jomo1ranmixhr with option meth="random") |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
A list with six elements is returned: the final imputed dataset (finimp) and four 3-dimensional matrices, containing all the values for beta (collectbeta), the random effects (collectu) and the level 1 (collectomega) and level 2 covariance matrices (collectcovu). Finally, for cases where categorical variabels are present, the final state of the imputed dataset with the latent normals in place of the categorical variables is stored in finimp.latnorm.
# define all the inputs: Y<-cldata[,c("measure","age")] clus<-cldata[,c("city")] nburn=as.integer(200); #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo1ran.MCMCchain(Y,clus=clus,nburn=nburn) #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l") #Or similarly we can check the convergence of any element of the level 2 covariance matrix: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectcovu[1,2,1:nburn],type="l")
# define all the inputs: Y<-cldata[,c("measure","age")] clus<-cldata[,c("city")] nburn=as.integer(200); #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo1ran.MCMCchain(Y,clus=clus,nburn=nburn) #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l") #Or similarly we can check the convergence of any element of the level 2 covariance matrix: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectcovu[1,2,1:nburn],type="l")
Impute a clustered dataset with categorical variables as outcome. A joint multivariate model for partially observed data is assumed and imputations are generated through the use of a Gibbs sampler where the covariance matrix is updated with a Metropolis-Hastings step. Fully observed categorical covariates may be considered as covariates as well, but they have to be included as dummy variables.
jomo1rancat( Y.cat, Y.numcat, X=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo1rancat( Y.cat, Y.numcat, X=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, output=1, out.iter=10)
Y.cat |
A data frame, or matrix, with categorical (or binary) responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are coded as NA. |
Y.numcat |
A vector with the number of categories in each categorical (or binary) variable. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
Z |
A data frame, or matrix, for covariates associated to random effects in the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
clus |
A data frame, or matrix, containing the cluster indicator for each observation. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. For each n-category variable we define n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster for the random effects estimates u. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value for the covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model times the number of random effects. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
nbetween |
Number of iterations between two successive imputations. Default is 1000. |
nimp |
Number of Imputations. Default is 5. |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
The Gibbs sampler algorithm used is described in detail in Chapter 9 of Carpenter and Kenward (2013). Regarding the choice of the priors, a flat prior is considered for beta and for the covariance matrix. A Metropolis Hastings step is implemented to update the covariance matrix, as described in the book. Binary or continuous covariates in the imputation model may be considered without any problem, but when considering a categorical covariate it has to be included with dummy variables (binary indicators) only.
On screen, the posterior mean of the fixed effects estimates and of the covariance matrix are shown. The only argument returned is the imputed dataset in long format. Column "Imputation" indexes the imputations. Imputation number 0 are the original data.
Carpenter J.R., Kenward M.G., (2013), Multiple Imputation and its Application. Chapter 9, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-470-74052-1.
#we define all the inputs: # nimp, nburn and nbetween are smaller than they should. This is #just because of CRAN policies on the examples. Y.cat=cldata[,c("social"), drop=FALSE] Y.numcat=matrix(4,1,1) X=data.frame(rep(1,1000),cldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") Z<-data.frame(rep(1,1000)) clus<-cldata[,c("city")] beta.start<-matrix(0,2,3) u.start<-matrix(0,10,3) l1cov.start<-diag(1,3) l2cov.start<-diag(1,3) l1cov.prior=diag(1,3); l2cov.prior=diag(1,3); nburn=as.integer(100); nbetween=as.integer(100); nimp=as.integer(4); #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo1rancat(Y.cat, Y.numcat, X,Z,clus,beta.start,u.start,l1cov.start, l2cov.start,l1cov.prior,l2cov.prior,nburn,nbetween,nimp) cat("Original value was missing (",imp[3,1],"), imputed value:", imp[1003,1]) # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
#we define all the inputs: # nimp, nburn and nbetween are smaller than they should. This is #just because of CRAN policies on the examples. Y.cat=cldata[,c("social"), drop=FALSE] Y.numcat=matrix(4,1,1) X=data.frame(rep(1,1000),cldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") Z<-data.frame(rep(1,1000)) clus<-cldata[,c("city")] beta.start<-matrix(0,2,3) u.start<-matrix(0,10,3) l1cov.start<-diag(1,3) l2cov.start<-diag(1,3) l1cov.prior=diag(1,3); l2cov.prior=diag(1,3); nburn=as.integer(100); nbetween=as.integer(100); nimp=as.integer(4); #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo1rancat(Y.cat, Y.numcat, X,Z,clus,beta.start,u.start,l1cov.start, l2cov.start,l1cov.prior,l2cov.prior,nburn,nbetween,nimp) cat("Original value was missing (",imp[3,1],"), imputed value:", imp[1003,1]) # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
This function is similar to jomo1rancat, but it returns the values of all the parameters in the model at each step of the MCMC instead of the imputations. It is useful to check the convergence of the MCMC sampler.
jomo1rancat.MCMCchain(Y.cat, Y.numcat, X=NULL, Z=NULL,clus, beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, start.imp=NULL,nburn=1000, output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo1rancat.MCMCchain(Y.cat, Y.numcat, X=NULL, Z=NULL,clus, beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, start.imp=NULL,nburn=1000, output=1, out.iter=10)
Y.cat |
A data frame, or matrix, with categorical (or binary) responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are coded as NA. |
Y.numcat |
A vector with the number of categories in each categorical (or binary) variable. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
Z |
A data frame, or matrix, for covariates associated to random effects in the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
clus |
A data frame, or matrix, containing the cluster indicator for each observation. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. For each n-category variable we define n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster for the random effects estimates u. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value for the covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model times the number of random effects. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
start.imp |
Starting value for the imputed dataset. n-level categorical variables are substituted by n-1 latent normals. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
A list with six elements is returned: the final imputed dataset (finimp) and four 3-dimensional matrices, containing all the values for beta (collectbeta), the random effects (collectu) and the level 1 (collectomega) and level 2 covariance matrices (collectcovu). Finally, the final state of the imputed dataset with the latent normals in place of the categorical variables is stored in finimp.latnorm.
# define all the inputs: # nburn smaller than needed. This is #just because of CRAN policies on the examples. Y.cat=cldata[,c("social"), drop=FALSE] Y.numcat=matrix(4,1,1) X=data.frame(rep(1,1000),cldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") Z<-data.frame(rep(1,1000)) clus<-cldata[,c("city")] beta.start<-matrix(0,2,3) u.start<-matrix(0,10,3) l1cov.start<-diag(1,3) l2cov.start<-diag(1,3) l1cov.prior=diag(1,3); l2cov.prior=diag(1,3); nburn=as.integer(100); #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo1rancat.MCMCchain(Y.cat, Y.numcat, X,Z,clus,beta.start,u.start,l1cov.start, l2cov.start,l1cov.prior,l2cov.prior,nburn=nburn) #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l") #Or similarly we can check the convergence of any element of the level 2 covariance matrix: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectcovu[1,2,1:nburn],type="l")
# define all the inputs: # nburn smaller than needed. This is #just because of CRAN policies on the examples. Y.cat=cldata[,c("social"), drop=FALSE] Y.numcat=matrix(4,1,1) X=data.frame(rep(1,1000),cldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") Z<-data.frame(rep(1,1000)) clus<-cldata[,c("city")] beta.start<-matrix(0,2,3) u.start<-matrix(0,10,3) l1cov.start<-diag(1,3) l2cov.start<-diag(1,3) l1cov.prior=diag(1,3); l2cov.prior=diag(1,3); nburn=as.integer(100); #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo1rancat.MCMCchain(Y.cat, Y.numcat, X,Z,clus,beta.start,u.start,l1cov.start, l2cov.start,l1cov.prior,l2cov.prior,nburn=nburn) #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l") #Or similarly we can check the convergence of any element of the level 2 covariance matrix: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectcovu[1,2,1:nburn],type="l")
Impute a clustered dataset with categorical variables as outcome. A joint multivariate model for partially observed data is assumed and imputations are generated through the use of a Gibbs sampler where a different covariance matrix is sampled within each cluster. Fully observed categorical covariates may be considered as covariates as well, but they have to be included as dummy variables.
jomo1rancathr( Y.cat, Y.numcat, X=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, a=NULL, a.prior=NULL, meth="random", output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo1rancathr( Y.cat, Y.numcat, X=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, a=NULL, a.prior=NULL, meth="random", output=1, out.iter=10)
Y.cat |
A data frame, or matrix, with categorical (or binary) responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are coded as NA. |
Y.numcat |
A vector with the number of categories in each categorical (or binary) variable. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
Z |
A data frame, or matrix, for covariates associated to random effects in the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
clus |
A data frame, or matrix, containing the cluster indicator for each observation. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. For each n-category variable we define n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster for the random effects estimates u. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value for the covariance matrices, stacked one above the other. Dimension of each square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix for each cluster. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model times the number of random effects. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrices. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
nbetween |
Number of iterations between two successive imputations. Default is 1000. |
nimp |
Number of Imputations. Default is 5. |
a |
Starting value for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution of the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is 50+D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. |
a.prior |
Hyperparameter (Degrees of freedom) of the chi square prior distribution for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution for the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. |
meth |
When set to "fixed", a flat prior is put on the study-specific covariance matrices and each matrix is updated separately with a different MH-step. When set to "random", we are assuming that all the covariance matrices are draws from an inverse-Wishart distribution, whose parameter values are updated with 2 steps similar to the ones presented in the case of continuous data only for function jomo1ranconhr. |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
The Gibbs sampler algorithm used is obtained is a mixture of the ones described in chapter 5 and 9 of Carpenter and Kenward (2013). We update the covariance matrices element-wise with a Metropolis-Hastings step. When meth="fixed", we use a flat prior for rhe matrices, while with meth="random" we use an inverse-Wishar tprior and we assume that all the covariance matrices are drawn from an inverse Wishart distribution. We update values of a and A, degrees of freedom and scale matrix of the inverse Wishart distribution from which all the covariance matrices are sampled, from the proper conditional distributions. A flat prior is considered for beta. Binary or continuous covariates in the imputation model may be considered without any problem, but when considering a categorical covariate it has to be included with dummy variables (binary indicators) only.
On screen, the posterior mean of the fixed effects estimates and of the covariance matrix are shown. The only argument returned is the imputed dataset in long format. Column "Imputation" indexes the imputations. Imputation number 0 are the original data.
Carpenter J.R., Kenward M.G., (2013), Multiple Imputation and its Application. Chapter 9, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-470-74052-1.
Yucel R.M., (2011), Random-covariances and mixed-effects models for imputing multivariate multilevel continuous data, Statistical Modelling, 11 (4), 351-370, DOI: 10.1177/1471082X100110040.
# we define the inputs # nimp, nburn and nbetween are smaller than they should. This is #just because of CRAN policies on the examples. Y.cat=cldata[,c("social"), drop=FALSE] Y.numcat=matrix(4,1,1) X=data.frame(rep(1,1000),cldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") Z<-data.frame(rep(1,1000)) clus<-cldata[,c("city")] beta.start<-matrix(0,2,3) u.start<-matrix(0,10,3) l1cov.start<-matrix(diag(1,3),30,3,2) l2cov.start<-diag(1,3) l1cov.prior=diag(1,3); l2cov.prior=diag(1,3); a=5 nburn=as.integer(100); nbetween=as.integer(100); nimp=as.integer(4); #Finally we run either the model with fixed or random cluster-specific cov. matrices: imp<-jomo1rancathr(Y.cat, Y.numcat, X,Z,clus,beta.start,u.start,l1cov.start, l2cov.start,l1cov.prior,l2cov.prior,nburn,nbetween,nimp, a, meth="fixed") cat("Original value was missing (",imp[3,1],"), imputed value:", imp[1003,1]) # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
# we define the inputs # nimp, nburn and nbetween are smaller than they should. This is #just because of CRAN policies on the examples. Y.cat=cldata[,c("social"), drop=FALSE] Y.numcat=matrix(4,1,1) X=data.frame(rep(1,1000),cldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") Z<-data.frame(rep(1,1000)) clus<-cldata[,c("city")] beta.start<-matrix(0,2,3) u.start<-matrix(0,10,3) l1cov.start<-matrix(diag(1,3),30,3,2) l2cov.start<-diag(1,3) l1cov.prior=diag(1,3); l2cov.prior=diag(1,3); a=5 nburn=as.integer(100); nbetween=as.integer(100); nimp=as.integer(4); #Finally we run either the model with fixed or random cluster-specific cov. matrices: imp<-jomo1rancathr(Y.cat, Y.numcat, X,Z,clus,beta.start,u.start,l1cov.start, l2cov.start,l1cov.prior,l2cov.prior,nburn,nbetween,nimp, a, meth="fixed") cat("Original value was missing (",imp[3,1],"), imputed value:", imp[1003,1]) # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
This function is similar to jomo1rancathr, but it returns the values of all the parameters in the model at each step of the MCMC instead of the imputations. It is useful to check the convergence of the MCMC sampler.
jomo1rancathr.MCMCchain(Y.cat, Y.numcat, X=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, start.imp=NULL, nburn=1000, a=NULL, a.prior=NULL, meth="random", output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo1rancathr.MCMCchain(Y.cat, Y.numcat, X=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, start.imp=NULL, nburn=1000, a=NULL, a.prior=NULL, meth="random", output=1, out.iter=10)
Y.cat |
A data frame, or matrix, with categorical (or binary) responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are coded as NA. |
Y.numcat |
A vector with the number of categories in each categorical (or binary) variable. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
Z |
A data frame, or matrix, for covariates associated to random effects in the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
clus |
A data frame, or matrix, containing the cluster indicator for each observation. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. For each n-category variable we define n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster for the random effects estimates u. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value for the covariance matrices, stacked one above the other. Dimension of each square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix for each cluster. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model times the number of random effects. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrices. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
start.imp |
Starting value for the imputed dataset. n-level categorical variables are substituted by n-1 latent normals. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
a |
Starting value for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution of the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is 50+D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. |
a.prior |
Hyperparameter (Degrees of freedom) of the chi square prior distribution for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution for the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. |
meth |
When set to "fixed", a flat prior is put on the study-specific covariance matrices and each matrix is updated separately with a different MH-step. When set to "random", we are assuming that all the covariance matrices are draws from an inverse-Wishart distribution, whose parameter values are updated with 2 steps similar to the ones presented in the case of continuous data only for function jomo1ranconhr. |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
A list with six elements is returned: the final imputed dataset (finimp) and four 3-dimensional matrices, containing all the values for beta (collectbeta), the random effects (collectu) and the level 1 (collectomega) and level 2 covariance matrices (collectcovu). Finally, the final state of the imputed dataset with the latent normals in place of the categorical variables is stored in finimp.latnorm.
#we define the inputs # nburn is smaller than needed. This is #just because of CRAN policies on the examples. Y.cat=cldata[,c("social"), drop=FALSE] Y.numcat=matrix(4,1,1) X=data.frame(rep(1,1000),cldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") Z<-data.frame(rep(1,1000)) clus<-cldata[,c("city")] beta.start<-matrix(0,2,3) u.start<-matrix(0,10,3) l1cov.start<-matrix(diag(1,3),30,3,2) l2cov.start<-diag(1,3) l1cov.prior=diag(1,3); l2cov.prior=diag(1,3); a=5 nburn=as.integer(100); #Finally we run either the model with fixed or random cluster-specific covariance matrices: imp<-jomo1rancathr.MCMCchain(Y.cat, Y.numcat, X,Z,clus,beta.start, u.start,l1cov.start, l2cov.start,l1cov.prior,l2cov.prior,nburn=nburn, a=a, meth="fixed") #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l") #Or similarly we can check the convergence of any element of th elevel 2 covariance matrix: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectcovu[1,2,1:nburn],type="l")
#we define the inputs # nburn is smaller than needed. This is #just because of CRAN policies on the examples. Y.cat=cldata[,c("social"), drop=FALSE] Y.numcat=matrix(4,1,1) X=data.frame(rep(1,1000),cldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") Z<-data.frame(rep(1,1000)) clus<-cldata[,c("city")] beta.start<-matrix(0,2,3) u.start<-matrix(0,10,3) l1cov.start<-matrix(diag(1,3),30,3,2) l2cov.start<-diag(1,3) l1cov.prior=diag(1,3); l2cov.prior=diag(1,3); a=5 nburn=as.integer(100); #Finally we run either the model with fixed or random cluster-specific covariance matrices: imp<-jomo1rancathr.MCMCchain(Y.cat, Y.numcat, X,Z,clus,beta.start, u.start,l1cov.start, l2cov.start,l1cov.prior,l2cov.prior,nburn=nburn, a=a, meth="fixed") #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l") #Or similarly we can check the convergence of any element of th elevel 2 covariance matrix: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectcovu[1,2,1:nburn],type="l")
Impute a clustered dataset with continuous outcomes only. A joint multivariate model for partially observed data is assumed and imputations are generated through the use of a Gibbs sampler. Categorical covariates may be considered, but they have to be included with dummy variables.
jomo1rancon(Y, X=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL,u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL,l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo1rancon(Y, X=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL,u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL,l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, output=1, out.iter=10)
Y |
A data frame, or matrix, with responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are coded as NA. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
Z |
A data frame, or matrix, for covariates associated to random effects in the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
clus |
A data frame, or matrix, containing the cluster indicator for each observation. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster for the random effects estimates u. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value for the covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes in the imputation model times the number of random effects. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
nbetween |
Number of iterations between two successive imputations. Default is 1000. |
nimp |
Number of Imputations. Default is 5. |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
The Gibbs sampler algorithm used is a simplification of the one described in detail in Chapter 9 of Carpenter and Kenward (2013), where we exclude the presence of level 2 variables. Regarding the choice of the priors, a flat prior is considered for beta, while an inverse-Wishart prior is given to the covariance matrices, with p-1 degrees of freedom, aka the minimum possible, to guarantee the greatest uncertainty. Binary or continuous covariates in the imputation model may be considered without any problem, but when considering a categorical covariate it has to be included with dummy variables (binary indicators) only.
On screen, the posterior mean of the fixed effects estimates and of the covariance matrix are shown. The only argument returned is the imputed dataset in long format. Column "Imputation" indexes the imputations. Imputation number 0 are the original data.
Carpenter J.R., Kenward M.G., (2013), Multiple Imputation and its Application. Chapter 9, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-470-74052-1.
# we define all the inputs: Y<-cldata[,c("measure","age")] clus<-cldata[,c("city")] X=data.frame(rep(1,1000),cldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") Z<-data.frame(rep(1,1000)) beta.start<-matrix(0,2,2) u.start<-matrix(0,10,2) l1cov.start<-diag(1,2) l2cov.start<-diag(1,2) l1cov.prior=diag(1,2); nburn=as.integer(200); nbetween=as.integer(200); nimp=as.integer(5); l2cov.prior=diag(1,5); #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo1rancon(Y,X,Z,clus,beta.start,u.start,l1cov.start, l2cov.start,l1cov.prior, l2cov.prior,nburn,nbetween,nimp) cat("Original value was missing(",imp[4,1],"), imputed value:", imp[1004,1]) # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
# we define all the inputs: Y<-cldata[,c("measure","age")] clus<-cldata[,c("city")] X=data.frame(rep(1,1000),cldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") Z<-data.frame(rep(1,1000)) beta.start<-matrix(0,2,2) u.start<-matrix(0,10,2) l1cov.start<-diag(1,2) l2cov.start<-diag(1,2) l1cov.prior=diag(1,2); nburn=as.integer(200); nbetween=as.integer(200); nimp=as.integer(5); l2cov.prior=diag(1,5); #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo1rancon(Y,X,Z,clus,beta.start,u.start,l1cov.start, l2cov.start,l1cov.prior, l2cov.prior,nburn,nbetween,nimp) cat("Original value was missing(",imp[4,1],"), imputed value:", imp[1004,1]) # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
This function is similar to jomo1rancon, but it returns the values of all the parameters in the model at each step of the MCMC instead of the imputations. It is useful to check the convergence of the MCMC sampler.
jomo1rancon.MCMCchain(Y, X=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, start.imp=NULL, nburn=1000, output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo1rancon.MCMCchain(Y, X=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, start.imp=NULL, nburn=1000, output=1, out.iter=10)
Y |
A data frame, or matrix, with responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are coded as NA. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
Z |
A data frame, or matrix, for covariates associated to random effects in the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
clus |
A data frame, or matrix, containing the cluster indicator for each observation. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster for the random effects estimates u. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value for the covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes in the imputation model times the number of random effects. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
start.imp |
Starting value for the imputed dataset. |
nburn |
Number of iterations. Default is 1000. |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
A list with five elements is returned: the final imputed dataset (finimp) and four 3-dimensional matrices, containing all the values for beta (collectbeta), the random effects (collectu) and the level 1 (collectomega) and level 2 covariance matrices (collectcovu).
# define all the inputs: Y<-cldata[,c("measure","age")] clus<-cldata[,c("city")] X=data.frame(rep(1,1000),cldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") Z<-data.frame(rep(1,1000)) beta.start<-matrix(0,2,2) u.start<-matrix(0,10,2) l1cov.start<-diag(1,2) l2cov.start<-diag(1,2) l1cov.prior=diag(1,2); nburn=as.integer(200); l2cov.prior=diag(1,5); #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo1rancon.MCMCchain(Y,X,Z,clus,beta.start,u.start,l1cov.start, l2cov.start,l1cov.prior,l2cov.prior,nburn=nburn) #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l") #Or similarly we can check the convergence of any element of the level 2 covariance matrix: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectcovu[1,1,1:nburn],type="l")
# define all the inputs: Y<-cldata[,c("measure","age")] clus<-cldata[,c("city")] X=data.frame(rep(1,1000),cldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") Z<-data.frame(rep(1,1000)) beta.start<-matrix(0,2,2) u.start<-matrix(0,10,2) l1cov.start<-diag(1,2) l2cov.start<-diag(1,2) l1cov.prior=diag(1,2); nburn=as.integer(200); l2cov.prior=diag(1,5); #And finally we run the imputation function: imp<-jomo1rancon.MCMCchain(Y,X,Z,clus,beta.start,u.start,l1cov.start, l2cov.start,l1cov.prior,l2cov.prior,nburn=nburn) #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l") #Or similarly we can check the convergence of any element of the level 2 covariance matrix: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectcovu[1,1,1:nburn],type="l")
Impute a clustered dataset with continuous outcomes only. A joint multivariate model for partially observed data is assumed and imputations are generated through the use of a Gibbs sampler. A different covariance matrix is estimated within each cluster. Categorical covariates may be considered, but they have to be included with dummy variables.
jomo1ranconhr(Y, X=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, a=(ncol(Y)+50),a.prior=NULL, meth="random", output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo1ranconhr(Y, X=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, a=(ncol(Y)+50),a.prior=NULL, meth="random", output=1, out.iter=10)
Y |
A data frame, or matrix, with responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are coded as NA. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
Z |
A data frame, or matrix, for covariates associated to random effects in the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
clus |
A data frame, or matrix, containing the cluster indicator for each observation. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster for the random effects estimates u. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value for the covariance matrices, stacked one above the other. Dimension of each square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix for each cluster. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes in the imputation model times the number of random effects. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrices. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
nbetween |
Number of iterations between two successive imputations. Default is 1000. |
nimp |
Number of Imputations. Default is 5. |
a |
Starting value for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution of the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is 50+D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. |
a.prior |
Hyperparameter (Degrees of freedom) of the chi square prior distribution for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution for the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. |
meth |
This can be set to "Fixed" or "Random". In the first case the function will consider fixed study-specific covariance matrices, in the second, random study-specific distributed according to an inverse-Wishart distribution. |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
The Gibbs sampler algorithm used is similar to the one described in detail in Chapter 9 of Carpenter and Kenward (2013), where we exclude the presence of level 2 variables and we estimate separetely different covariance matrices within each study. When option meth="random" is specified, all the covariance matrices ae assumed to be random draws from the same underlying inverse Wishart distributions. Details of this algorithm may be found in (Yucel, 2011). Regarding the choice of the priors, a flat prior is considered for beta, while an inverse-Wishart prior is given to the covariance matrices, with p-1 degrees of freedom, aka the minimum possible, to guarantee the greatest uncertainty. Binary or continuous covariates in the imputation model may be considered without any problem, but when considering a categorical covariate it has to be included with dummy variables (binary indicators) only.
On screen, the posterior mean of the fixed effects estimates and of the covariance matrix are shown. The only argument returned is the imputed dataset in long format. Column "Imputation" indexes the imputations. Imputation number 0 are the original data.
Carpenter J.R., Kenward M.G., (2013), Multiple Imputation and its Application. Chapter 9, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-470-74052-1.
Yucel R.M., (2011), Random-covariances and mixed-effects models for imputing multivariate multilevel continuous data, Statistical Modelling, 11 (4), 351-370, DOI: 10.1177/1471082X100110040.
# we define the inputs # nimp, nburn and nbetween are smaller than they should. This is #just because of CRAN policies on the examples. Y<-cldata[,c("measure","age")] clus<-cldata[,c("city")] X=data.frame(rep(1,1000),cldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") Z<-data.frame(rep(1,1000)) beta.start<-matrix(0,2,2) u.start<-matrix(0,10,2) l1cov.start<-matrix(diag(1,2),20,2,2) l2cov.start<-diag(1,2) l1cov.prior=diag(1,2); nburn=as.integer(50); nbetween=as.integer(20); nimp=as.integer(5); l2cov.prior=diag(1,5); a=3 # Finally we run either the model with fixed or random cluster-specific covariance matrices: imp<-jomo1ranconhr(Y,X,Z,clus,beta.start,u.start,l1cov.start, l2cov.start, l1cov.prior,l2cov.prior,nburn,nbetween,nimp,meth="fixed") cat("Original value was missing(",imp[4,1],"), imputed value:", imp[1004,1]) #or: #imp<-jomo1ranconhr(Y,X,Z,clus,beta.start,u.start,l1cov.start, l2cov.start, # l1cov.prior,l2cov.prior,nburn,nbetween,nimp,a,meth="random") # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
# we define the inputs # nimp, nburn and nbetween are smaller than they should. This is #just because of CRAN policies on the examples. Y<-cldata[,c("measure","age")] clus<-cldata[,c("city")] X=data.frame(rep(1,1000),cldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") Z<-data.frame(rep(1,1000)) beta.start<-matrix(0,2,2) u.start<-matrix(0,10,2) l1cov.start<-matrix(diag(1,2),20,2,2) l2cov.start<-diag(1,2) l1cov.prior=diag(1,2); nburn=as.integer(50); nbetween=as.integer(20); nimp=as.integer(5); l2cov.prior=diag(1,5); a=3 # Finally we run either the model with fixed or random cluster-specific covariance matrices: imp<-jomo1ranconhr(Y,X,Z,clus,beta.start,u.start,l1cov.start, l2cov.start, l1cov.prior,l2cov.prior,nburn,nbetween,nimp,meth="fixed") cat("Original value was missing(",imp[4,1],"), imputed value:", imp[1004,1]) #or: #imp<-jomo1ranconhr(Y,X,Z,clus,beta.start,u.start,l1cov.start, l2cov.start, # l1cov.prior,l2cov.prior,nburn,nbetween,nimp,a,meth="random") # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
This function is similar to jomo1ranconhr, but it returns the values of all the parameters in the model at each step of the MCMC instead of the imputations. It is useful to check the convergence of the MCMC sampler.
jomo1ranconhr.MCMCchain(Y, X=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL,start.imp=NULL, nburn=1000, a=(ncol(Y)+50),a.prior=NULL, meth="random", output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo1ranconhr.MCMCchain(Y, X=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL,start.imp=NULL, nburn=1000, a=(ncol(Y)+50),a.prior=NULL, meth="random", output=1, out.iter=10)
Y |
A data frame, or matrix, with responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are coded as NA. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
Z |
A data frame, or matrix, for covariates associated to random effects in the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
clus |
A data frame, or matrix, containing the cluster indicator for each observation. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster for the random effects estimates u. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
in column. Dimension of each square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix for each cluster. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes in the imputation model times the number of random effects. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrices. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
start.imp |
Starting value for the imputed dataset. |
nburn |
Number of iterations. Default is 1000. |
a |
Starting value for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution of the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is 50+D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. |
a.prior |
Hyperparameter (Degrees of freedom) of the chi square prior distribution for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution for the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. |
meth |
This can be set to "Fixed" or "Random". In the first case the function will consider fixed study-specific covariance matrices, in the second, random study-specific distributed according to an inverse-Wishart distribution. |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
A list with five elements is returned: the final imputed dataset (finimp) and four 3-dimensional matrices, containing all the values for beta (collectbeta), the random effects (collectu) and the level 1 (collectomega) and level 2 covariance matrices (collectcovu).
# we define the inputs # nburn is smaller than needed. This is #just because of CRAN policies on the examples. Y<-cldata[,c("measure","age")] clus<-cldata[,c("city")] X=data.frame(rep(1,1000),cldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") Z<-data.frame(rep(1,1000)) nburn=as.integer(200); a=3 # Finally we run either the model with fixed or random cluster-specific cov. matrices: imp<-jomo1ranconhr.MCMCchain(Y,X,Z,clus,nburn=nburn,meth="random") #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l") #Or similarly we can check the convergence of any element of the level 2 cov. matrix: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectcovu[1,2,1:nburn],type="l")
# we define the inputs # nburn is smaller than needed. This is #just because of CRAN policies on the examples. Y<-cldata[,c("measure","age")] clus<-cldata[,c("city")] X=data.frame(rep(1,1000),cldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") Z<-data.frame(rep(1,1000)) nburn=as.integer(200); a=3 # Finally we run either the model with fixed or random cluster-specific cov. matrices: imp<-jomo1ranconhr.MCMCchain(Y,X,Z,clus,nburn=nburn,meth="random") #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l") #Or similarly we can check the convergence of any element of the level 2 cov. matrix: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectcovu[1,2,1:nburn],type="l")
Impute a clustered dataset with mixed data types as outcome. A joint multivariate model for partially observed data is assumed and imputations are generated through the use of a Gibbs sampler where the covariance matrix is updated with a Metropolis-Hastings step. Fully observed categorical covariates may be considered as covariates as well, but they have to be included as dummy variables.
jomo1ranmix(Y.con, Y.cat, Y.numcat, X=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo1ranmix(Y.con, Y.cat, Y.numcat, X=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, output=1, out.iter=10)
Y.con |
A data frame, or matrix, with continuous responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are coded as NA. |
Y.cat |
A data frame, or matrix, with categorical (or binary) responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Categories must be integer numbers from 1 to N. Missing values are coded as NA. |
Y.numcat |
A vector with the number of categories in each categorical (or binary) variable. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
Z |
A data frame, or matrix, for covariates associated to random effects in the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
clus |
A data frame, or matrix, containing the cluster indicator for each observation. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. For each n-category variable we define n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster for the random effects estimates u. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value for the covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model times the number of random effects. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
nbetween |
Number of iterations between two successive imputations. Default is 1000. |
nimp |
Number of Imputations. Default is 5. |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
TThe Gibbs sampler algorithm used is described in detail in Chapter 9 of Carpenter and Kenward (2013). Regarding the choice of the priors, a flat prior is considered for beta and for the covariance matrix. A Metropolis Hastings step is implemented to update the covariance matrix, as described in the book. Binary or continuous covariates in the imputation model may be considered without any problem, but when considering a categorical covariate it has to be included with dummy variables (binary indicators) only.
On screen, the posterior mean of the fixed effects estimates and of the covariance matrix are shown. The only argument returned is the imputed dataset in long format. Column "Imputation" indexes the imputations. Imputation number 0 are the original data.
Carpenter J.R., Kenward M.G., (2013), Multiple Imputation and its Application. Chapter 9, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-470-74052-1.
# we define the inputs: # nimp, nburn and nbetween are smaller than they should. This is #just because of CRAN policies on the examples. Y.con=cldata[,c("measure","age")] Y.cat=cldata[,c("social"), drop=FALSE] Y.numcat=matrix(4,1,1) X=data.frame(rep(1,1000),cldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") Z<-data.frame(rep(1,1000)) clus<-cldata[,c("city")] beta.start<-matrix(0,2,5) u.start<-matrix(0,10,5) l1cov.start<-diag(1,5) l2cov.start<-diag(1,5) l1cov.prior=diag(1,5); l2cov.prior=diag(1,5); nburn=as.integer(50); nbetween=as.integer(50); nimp=as.integer(5); #Then we can run the sampler: imp<-jomo1ranmix(Y.con, Y.cat, Y.numcat, X,Z,clus,beta.start,u.start,l1cov.start, l2cov.start,l1cov.prior,l2cov.prior,nburn,nbetween,nimp) cat("Original value was missing (",imp[4,1],"), imputed value:", imp[1004,1]) # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
# we define the inputs: # nimp, nburn and nbetween are smaller than they should. This is #just because of CRAN policies on the examples. Y.con=cldata[,c("measure","age")] Y.cat=cldata[,c("social"), drop=FALSE] Y.numcat=matrix(4,1,1) X=data.frame(rep(1,1000),cldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") Z<-data.frame(rep(1,1000)) clus<-cldata[,c("city")] beta.start<-matrix(0,2,5) u.start<-matrix(0,10,5) l1cov.start<-diag(1,5) l2cov.start<-diag(1,5) l1cov.prior=diag(1,5); l2cov.prior=diag(1,5); nburn=as.integer(50); nbetween=as.integer(50); nimp=as.integer(5); #Then we can run the sampler: imp<-jomo1ranmix(Y.con, Y.cat, Y.numcat, X,Z,clus,beta.start,u.start,l1cov.start, l2cov.start,l1cov.prior,l2cov.prior,nburn,nbetween,nimp) cat("Original value was missing (",imp[4,1],"), imputed value:", imp[1004,1]) # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
This function is similar to jomo1ranmix, but it returns the values of all the parameters in the model at each step of the MCMC instead of the imputations. It is useful to check the convergence of the MCMC sampler.
jomo1ranmix.MCMCchain(Y.con, Y.cat, Y.numcat, X=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, start.imp=NULL, nburn=1000, output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo1ranmix.MCMCchain(Y.con, Y.cat, Y.numcat, X=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, start.imp=NULL, nburn=1000, output=1, out.iter=10)
Y.con |
A data frame, or matrix, with continuous responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. If no continuous outcomes are present in the model, jomo1rancat must be used instead. |
Y.cat |
A data frame, or matrix, with categorical (or binary) responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Categories must be integer numbers from 1 to N. Missing values are coded as NA. |
Y.numcat |
A vector with the number of categories in each categorical (or binary) variable. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
Z |
A data frame, or matrix, for covariates associated to random effects in the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
clus |
A data frame, or matrix, containing the cluster indicator for each observation. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. For each n-category variable we define n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster for the random effects estimates u. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value for the covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model times the number of random effects. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
start.imp |
Starting value for the imputed dataset. n-level categorical variables are substituted by n-1 latent normals. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
A list with six elements is returned: the final imputed dataset (finimp) and four 3-dimensional matrices, containing all the values for beta (collectbeta), the random effects (collectu) and the level 1 (collectomega) and level 2 covariance matrices (collectcovu). Finally, the final state of the imputed dataset with the latent normals in place of the categorical variables is stored in finimp.latnorm.
#we define the inputs: # nburn is smaller than necessary. This is #just because of CRAN policies on the examples. Y.con=cldata[,c("measure","age")] Y.cat=cldata[,c("social"), drop=FALSE] Y.numcat=matrix(4,1,1) X=data.frame(rep(1,1000),cldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") Z<-data.frame(rep(1,1000)) clus<-cldata[,c("city")] beta.start<-matrix(0,2,5) u.start<-matrix(0,10,5) l1cov.start<-diag(1,5) l2cov.start<-diag(1,5) l1cov.prior=diag(1,5); l2cov.prior=diag(1,5); nburn=as.integer(100); #Then we can run the sampler: imp<-jomo1ranmix.MCMCchain(Y.con, Y.cat, Y.numcat, X,Z,clus,beta.start,u.start, l1cov.start, l2cov.start,l1cov.prior,l2cov.prior,nburn=nburn) #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l") #Or similarly we can check the convergence of any element of the level 2 covariance matrix: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectcovu[1,2,1:nburn],type="l")
#we define the inputs: # nburn is smaller than necessary. This is #just because of CRAN policies on the examples. Y.con=cldata[,c("measure","age")] Y.cat=cldata[,c("social"), drop=FALSE] Y.numcat=matrix(4,1,1) X=data.frame(rep(1,1000),cldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") Z<-data.frame(rep(1,1000)) clus<-cldata[,c("city")] beta.start<-matrix(0,2,5) u.start<-matrix(0,10,5) l1cov.start<-diag(1,5) l2cov.start<-diag(1,5) l1cov.prior=diag(1,5); l2cov.prior=diag(1,5); nburn=as.integer(100); #Then we can run the sampler: imp<-jomo1ranmix.MCMCchain(Y.con, Y.cat, Y.numcat, X,Z,clus,beta.start,u.start, l1cov.start, l2cov.start,l1cov.prior,l2cov.prior,nburn=nburn) #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l") #Or similarly we can check the convergence of any element of the level 2 covariance matrix: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectcovu[1,2,1:nburn],type="l")
Impute a clustered dataset with mixed data types as outcome. A joint multivariate model for partially observed data is assumed and imputations are generated through the use of a Gibbs sampler where a different covariance matrix is sampled within each cluster. Fully observed categorical covariates may be considered as covariates as well, but they have to be included as dummy variables.
jomo1ranmixhr(Y.con, Y.cat, Y.numcat, X=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL,l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000,nimp=5, a=NULL,a.prior=NULL,meth="random", output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo1ranmixhr(Y.con, Y.cat, Y.numcat, X=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL,l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000,nimp=5, a=NULL,a.prior=NULL,meth="random", output=1, out.iter=10)
Y.con |
A data frame, or matrix, with continuous responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are coded as NA. If no continuous outcomes are present in the model, jomo1rancathr must be used instead. |
Y.cat |
A data frame, or matrix, with categorical (or binary) responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are coded as NA. |
Y.numcat |
A vector with the number of categories in each categorical (or binary) variable. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
Z |
A data frame, or matrix, for covariates associated to random effects in the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
clus |
A data frame, or matrix, containing the cluster indicator for each observation. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. For each n-category variable we define n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster for the random effects estimates u. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value for the covariance matrices, stacked one above the other. Dimension of each square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix for each cluster. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model times the number of random effects. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrices. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
nbetween |
Number of iterations between two successive imputations. Default is 1000. |
nimp |
Number of Imputations. Default is 5. |
a |
Starting value for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution of the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is 50+D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. |
a.prior |
Hyperparameter (Degrees of freedom) of the chi square prior distribution for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution for the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. |
meth |
When set to "fixed", a flat prior is put on the study-specific covariance matrices and each matrix is updated separately with a different MH-step. When set to "random", we are assuming that all the covariance matrices are draws from an inverse-Wishart distribution, whose parameter values are updated with 2 steps similar to the ones presented in the case of continuous data only for function jomo1ranconhr. |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
The Gibbs sampler algorithm used is obtained is a mixture of the ones described in chapter 5 and 9 of Carpenter and Kenward (2013). We update the covariance matrices element-wise with a Metropolis-Hastings step. When meth="fixed", we use a flat prior for rhe matrices, while with meth="random" we use an inverse-Wishar tprior and we assume that all the covariance matrices are drawn from an inverse Wishart distribution. We update values of a and A, degrees of freedom and scale matrix of the inverse Wishart distribution from which all the covariance matrices are sampled, from the proper conditional distributions. A flat prior is considered for beta. Binary or continuous covariates in the imputation model may be considered without any problem, but when considering a categorical covariate it has to be included with dummy variables (binary indicators) only.
On screen, the posterior mean of the fixed effects estimates and of the covariance matrix are shown. The only argument returned is the imputed dataset in long format. Column "Imputation" indexes the imputations. Imputation number 0 are the original data.
Carpenter J.R., Kenward M.G., (2013), Multiple Imputation and its Application. Chapter 9, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-470-74052-1.
Yucel R.M., (2011), Random-covariances and mixed-effects models for imputing multivariate multilevel continuous data, Statistical Modelling, 11 (4), 351-370, DOI: 10.1177/1471082X100110040.
#we define all the inputs: # nimp, nburn and nbetween are smaller than they should. This is #just because of CRAN policies on the examples. Y.con=cldata[,c("measure","age")] Y.cat=cldata[,c("social"), drop=FALSE] Y.numcat=matrix(4,1,1) X=data.frame(rep(1,1000),cldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") Z<-data.frame(rep(1,1000)) clus<-cldata[,c("city")] beta.start<-matrix(0,2,5) u.start<-matrix(0,10,5) l1cov.start<-matrix(diag(1,5),50,5,2) l2cov.start<-diag(1,5) l1cov.prior=diag(1,5); l2cov.prior=diag(1,5); nburn=as.integer(50); nbetween=as.integer(50); nimp=as.integer(5); a=6 # And we are finally able to run the imputation: imp<-jomo1ranmixhr(Y.con, Y.cat, Y.numcat, X,Z,clus,beta.start,u.start,l1cov.start, l2cov.start,l1cov.prior,l2cov.prior,nburn,nbetween,nimp, a, meth="random") cat("Original value was missing (",imp[4,1],"), imputed value:", imp[1004,1]) # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
#we define all the inputs: # nimp, nburn and nbetween are smaller than they should. This is #just because of CRAN policies on the examples. Y.con=cldata[,c("measure","age")] Y.cat=cldata[,c("social"), drop=FALSE] Y.numcat=matrix(4,1,1) X=data.frame(rep(1,1000),cldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") Z<-data.frame(rep(1,1000)) clus<-cldata[,c("city")] beta.start<-matrix(0,2,5) u.start<-matrix(0,10,5) l1cov.start<-matrix(diag(1,5),50,5,2) l2cov.start<-diag(1,5) l1cov.prior=diag(1,5); l2cov.prior=diag(1,5); nburn=as.integer(50); nbetween=as.integer(50); nimp=as.integer(5); a=6 # And we are finally able to run the imputation: imp<-jomo1ranmixhr(Y.con, Y.cat, Y.numcat, X,Z,clus,beta.start,u.start,l1cov.start, l2cov.start,l1cov.prior,l2cov.prior,nburn,nbetween,nimp, a, meth="random") cat("Original value was missing (",imp[4,1],"), imputed value:", imp[1004,1]) # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
This function is similar to jomo1ranmixhr, but it returns the values of all the parameters in the model at each step of the MCMC instead of the imputations. It is useful to check the convergence of the MCMC sampler.
jomo1ranmixhr.MCMCchain(Y.con, Y.cat, Y.numcat, X=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, start.imp=NULL, nburn=1000, a=NULL,a.prior=NULL,meth="random", output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo1ranmixhr.MCMCchain(Y.con, Y.cat, Y.numcat, X=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, start.imp=NULL, nburn=1000, a=NULL,a.prior=NULL,meth="random", output=1, out.iter=10)
Y.con |
A data frame, or matrix, with continuous responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are coded as NA. If no continuous outcomes are present in the model, jomo1rancathr must be used instead. |
Y.cat |
A data frame, or matrix, with categorical (or binary) responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are coded as NA. |
Y.numcat |
A vector with the number of categories in each categorical (or binary) variable. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
Z |
A data frame, or matrix, for covariates associated to random effects in the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
clus |
A data frame, or matrix, containing the cluster indicator for each observation. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. For each n-category variable we define n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster for the random effects estimates u. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value for the covariance matrices, stacked one above the other. Dimension of each square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix for each cluster. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model times the number of random effects. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrices. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
start.imp |
Starting value for the imputed dataset. n-level categorical variables are substituted by n-1 latent normals. |
nburn |
Number of iterations. Default is 1000. |
a |
Starting value for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution of the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is 50+D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. |
a.prior |
Hyperparameter (Degrees of freedom) of the chi square prior distribution for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution for the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. |
meth |
When set to "fixed", a flat prior is used for the study-specific covariance matrices and each matrix is updated separately with a different MH-step. When set to "random", we are assuming that all the covariance matrices are draws from an inverse-Wishart distribution, whose parameter values are updated with 2 steps similar to the ones presented in the case of continuous data only for function jomo1ranconhr. |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
A list with six elements is returned: the final imputed dataset (finimp) and four 3-dimensional matrices, containing all the values for beta (collectbeta), the random effects (collectu) and the level 1 (collectomega) and level 2 covariance matrices (collectcovu). Finally, the final state of the imputed dataset with the latent normals in place of the categorical variables is stored in finimp.latnorm.
# we define all the inputs: # nburn is smaller than needed. This is #just because of CRAN policies on the examples. Y.con=cldata[,c("measure","age")] Y.cat=cldata[,c("social"), drop=FALSE] Y.numcat=matrix(4,1,1) X=data.frame(rep(1,1000),cldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") Z<-data.frame(rep(1,1000)) clus<-cldata[,c("city")] beta.start<-matrix(0,2,5) u.start<-matrix(0,10,5) l1cov.start<-matrix(diag(1,5),50,5,2) l2cov.start<-diag(1,5) l1cov.prior=diag(1,5); l2cov.prior=diag(1,5); nburn=as.integer(80); a=6 # And we are finally able to run the imputation: imp<-jomo1ranmixhr.MCMCchain(Y.con, Y.cat, Y.numcat, X,Z,clus,beta.start,u.start, l1cov.start, l2cov.start,l1cov.prior,l2cov.prior,nburn=nburn, a=a) #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l") #Or similarly we can check the convergence of any element of the level 2 covariance matrix: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectcovu[1,2,1:nburn],type="l")
# we define all the inputs: # nburn is smaller than needed. This is #just because of CRAN policies on the examples. Y.con=cldata[,c("measure","age")] Y.cat=cldata[,c("social"), drop=FALSE] Y.numcat=matrix(4,1,1) X=data.frame(rep(1,1000),cldata[,c("sex")]) colnames(X)<-c("const", "sex") Z<-data.frame(rep(1,1000)) clus<-cldata[,c("city")] beta.start<-matrix(0,2,5) u.start<-matrix(0,10,5) l1cov.start<-matrix(diag(1,5),50,5,2) l2cov.start<-diag(1,5) l1cov.prior=diag(1,5); l2cov.prior=diag(1,5); nburn=as.integer(80); a=6 # And we are finally able to run the imputation: imp<-jomo1ranmixhr.MCMCchain(Y.con, Y.cat, Y.numcat, X,Z,clus,beta.start,u.start, l1cov.start, l2cov.start,l1cov.prior,l2cov.prior,nburn=nburn, a=a) #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l") #Or similarly we can check the convergence of any element of the level 2 covariance matrix: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectcovu[1,2,1:nburn],type="l")
A wrapper function linking the 2-level JM Imputation functions. The matrices of responses Y and Y2, must be data.frames where continuous variables are numeric and binary/categorical variables are factors.
jomo2(Y, Y2, X=NULL, X2=NULL, Z=NULL,clus, beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, a=NULL, a.prior=NULL, meth="common", output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo2(Y, Y2, X=NULL, X2=NULL, Z=NULL,clus, beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, a=NULL, a.prior=NULL, meth="common", output=1, out.iter=10)
Y |
A data.frame with the level-1 outcomes of the imputation model, where columns related to continuous variables are numeric and columns related to binary/categorical variables are factors. |
Y2 |
A data.frame containing the level-2 outcomes of the imputation model, i.e. the partially observed level-2 variables. Columns related to continuous variables have to be numeric and columns related to binary/categorical variables have to be factors. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
X2 |
A data frame, or matrix, with level-2 covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different level-1 observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
Z |
A data frame, or matrix, for covariates associated to random effects in the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
clus |
A data frame, or matrix, containing the cluster indicator for each observation. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of level-1 fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l2.beta.start |
Starting value for beta2, the vector(s) of level-2 fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different level-2 outcomes. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster for the random effects estimates u. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value for the covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model times the number of random effects plus the number of level-2 outcomes. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
nbetween |
Number of iterations between two successive imputations. Default is 1000. |
nimp |
Number of Imputations. Default is 5. |
a |
Starting value for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution of the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is 50+D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. This is used only when option meth is set to "random". |
a.prior |
Hyperparameter (Degrees of freedom) of the chi square prior distribution for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution for the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. |
meth |
Method used to deal with level 1 covariance matrix. When set to "common", a common matrix across clusters is used (function jomo2com). When set to "fixed", fixed study-specific matrices are considered (jomo2hr with option meth="fixed"). Finally, when set to "random", random study-specific matrices are considered (jomo2hr with option meth="random") |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
This is just a wrapper function to link jomo1rancon, jomo1rancat and jomo1ranmix and the respective "hr" (heterogeneity in covariance matrices) versions. Format of the columns of Y is crucial in order for the function to be using the right sub-function.
On screen, the posterior mean of the fixed effects estimates and of the covariance matrix are shown. The only argument returned is the imputed dataset in long format. Column "Imputation" indexes the imputations. Imputation number 0 are the original data.
Carpenter J.R., Kenward M.G., (2013), Multiple Imputation and its Application. Chapter 9, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-470-74052-1.
Y<-tldata[,c("measure.a"), drop=FALSE] Y2<-tldata[,c("big.city"), drop=FALSE] clus<-tldata[,c("city")] nburn=10 nbetween=10 nimp=2 #now we run the imputation function. Note that we would typically use an higher #number of nburn iterations in real applications (at least 1000) imp<-jomo2(Y=Y, Y2=Y2, clus=clus,nburn=nburn, nbetween=nbetween, nimp=nimp) # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
Y<-tldata[,c("measure.a"), drop=FALSE] Y2<-tldata[,c("big.city"), drop=FALSE] clus<-tldata[,c("city")] nburn=10 nbetween=10 nimp=2 #now we run the imputation function. Note that we would typically use an higher #number of nburn iterations in real applications (at least 1000) imp<-jomo2(Y=Y, Y2=Y2, clus=clus,nburn=nburn, nbetween=nbetween, nimp=nimp) # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
This function is similar to jomo2, but it returns the values of all the parameters in the model at each step of the MCMC instead of the imputations. It is useful to check the convergence of the MCMC sampler.
jomo2.MCMCchain(Y, Y2, X=NULL, X2=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL,l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, start.imp=NULL, l2.start.imp=NULL, nburn=1000, a=NULL, a.prior=NULL, meth="common", output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo2.MCMCchain(Y, Y2, X=NULL, X2=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL,l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, start.imp=NULL, l2.start.imp=NULL, nburn=1000, a=NULL, a.prior=NULL, meth="common", output=1, out.iter=10)
Y |
A data.frame with level-1 outcomes of the imputation model, where columns related to continuous variables are numeric and columns related to binary/categorical variables are factors. |
Y2 |
A data.frame containing the level-2 outcomes of the imputation model. Columns related to continuous variables have to be numeric and columns related to binary/categorical variables have to be factors. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
X2 |
A data frame, or matrix, with level-2 covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different level-1 observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
Z |
A data frame, or matrix, for covariates associated to random effects in the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
clus |
A data frame, or matrix, containing the cluster indicator for each observation. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of level-1 fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l2.beta.start |
Starting value for beta2, the vector(s) of level-2 fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different level-2 outcomes. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster for the random effects estimates u. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value for the covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model times the number of random effects plus the number of level-2 outcomes. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
start.imp |
Starting value for the imputed dataset. n-level categorical variables are substituted by n-1 latent normals. |
l2.start.imp |
Starting value for the level-2 imputed variables. n-level categorical variables are substituted by n-1 latent normals. |
nburn |
Number of iterations. Default is 1000. |
a |
Starting value for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution of the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is 50+D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. This is used only when option meth is set to "random". |
a.prior |
Hyperparameter (Degrees of freedom) of the chi square prior distribution for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution for the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. |
meth |
Method used to deal with level 1 covariance matrix. When set to "common", a common matrix across clusters is used (function jomo2com). When set to "fixed", fixed study-specific matrices are considered (jomo2hr with option meth="fixed"). Finally, when set to "random", random study-specific matrices are considered (jomo2hr with option meth="random") |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
A list is returned; this contains the final imputed dataset (finimp) and several 3-dimensional matrices, containing all the values drawn for each parameter at each iteration: these are, potentially, fixed effect parameters beta (collectbeta), random effects (collectu), level 1 (collectomega) and level 2 covariance matrices (collectcovu) and level-2 fixed effect parameters. If there are some categorical outcomes, a further output is included in the list, finimp.latnorm, containing the final state of the imputed dataset with the latent normal variables.
Y<-tldata[,c("measure.a"), drop=FALSE] Y2<-tldata[,c("big.city"), drop=FALSE] clus<-tldata[,c("city")] nburn=20 #now we run the imputation function. Note that we would typically use an higher #number of nburn iterations in real applications (at least 100) imp<-jomo2.MCMCchain(Y=Y, Y2=Y2, clus=clus,nburn=nburn) #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l") #Or similarly we can check the convergence of any element of the level 2 covariance matrix: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectcovu[1,2,1:nburn],type="l")
Y<-tldata[,c("measure.a"), drop=FALSE] Y2<-tldata[,c("big.city"), drop=FALSE] clus<-tldata[,c("city")] nburn=20 #now we run the imputation function. Note that we would typically use an higher #number of nburn iterations in real applications (at least 100) imp<-jomo2.MCMCchain(Y=Y, Y2=Y2, clus=clus,nburn=nburn) #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l") #Or similarly we can check the convergence of any element of the level 2 covariance matrix: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectcovu[1,2,1:nburn],type="l")
Impute a 2-level dataset with mixed data types as outcome. A joint multivariate model for partially observed data is assumed and imputations are generated through the use of a Gibbs sampler where the covariance matrix is updated with a Metropolis-Hastings step. Fully observed categorical covariates may be considered as covariates as well, but they have to be included as dummy variables.
jomo2com(Y.con=NULL, Y.cat=NULL, Y.numcat=NULL, Y2.con=NULL, Y2.cat=NULL, Y2.numcat=NULL,X=NULL, X2=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo2com(Y.con=NULL, Y.cat=NULL, Y.numcat=NULL, Y2.con=NULL, Y2.cat=NULL, Y2.numcat=NULL,X=NULL, X2=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, output=1, out.iter=10)
Y.con |
A data frame, or matrix, with level-1 continuous responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. |
Y.cat |
A data frame, or matrix, with categorical (or binary) responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are coded as NA. |
Y.numcat |
A vector with the number of categories in each categorical (or binary) variable. |
Y2.con |
A data frame, or matrix, with level-2 continuous responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. |
Y2.cat |
A data frame, or matrix, with level-2 categorical (or binary) responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are coded as NA. |
Y2.numcat |
A vector with the number of categories in each level-2 categorical (or binary) variable. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
X2 |
A data frame, or matrix, with level-2 covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
Z |
A data frame, or matrix, for covariates associated to random effects in the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
clus |
A data frame, or matrix, containing the cluster indicator for each observation. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of level-1 fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l2.beta.start |
Starting value for beta2, the vector(s) of level-2 fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different level-2 outcomes. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster for the random effects estimates u. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value for the covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model times the number of random effects plus the number of level-2 outcomes. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
nbetween |
Number of iterations between two successive imputations. Default is 1000. |
nimp |
Number of Imputations. Default is 5. |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
TThe Gibbs sampler algorithm used is described in detail in Chapter 9 of Carpenter and Kenward (2013). Regarding the choice of the priors, a flat prior is considered for beta and for the covariance matrix. A Metropolis Hastings step is implemented to update the covariance matrix, as described in the book. Binary or continuous covariates in the imputation model may be considered without any problem, but when considering a categorical covariate it has to be included with dummy variables (binary indicators) only.
On screen, the posterior mean of the fixed effects estimates and of the covariance matrix are shown. The only argument returned is the imputed dataset in long format. Column "Imputation" indexes the imputations. Imputation number 0 are the original data.
Carpenter J.R., Kenward M.G., (2013), Multiple Imputation and its Application. Chapter 9, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-470-74052-1.
Y<-tldata[,c("measure.a"), drop=FALSE] Y2<-tldata[,c("big.city"), drop=FALSE] clus<-tldata[,c("city")] #now we run the imputation function. Note that we would typically use an higher #number of nburn iterations in real applications (at least 1000) imp<-jomo2com(Y.con=Y, Y2.cat=Y2, Y2.numcat=2, clus=clus,nburn=10, nbetween=10, nimp=2) # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
Y<-tldata[,c("measure.a"), drop=FALSE] Y2<-tldata[,c("big.city"), drop=FALSE] clus<-tldata[,c("city")] #now we run the imputation function. Note that we would typically use an higher #number of nburn iterations in real applications (at least 1000) imp<-jomo2com(Y.con=Y, Y2.cat=Y2, Y2.numcat=2, clus=clus,nburn=10, nbetween=10, nimp=2) # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
This function is similar to jomo2com, but it returns the values of all the parameters in the model at each step of the MCMC instead of the imputations. It is useful to check the convergence of the MCMC sampler.
jomo2com.MCMCchain(Y.con=NULL, Y.cat=NULL, Y.numcat=NULL, Y2.con=NULL, Y2.cat=NULL, Y2.numcat=NULL, X=NULL, X2=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, start.imp=NULL, l2.start.imp=NULL, nburn=1000, output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo2com.MCMCchain(Y.con=NULL, Y.cat=NULL, Y.numcat=NULL, Y2.con=NULL, Y2.cat=NULL, Y2.numcat=NULL, X=NULL, X2=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, start.imp=NULL, l2.start.imp=NULL, nburn=1000, output=1, out.iter=10)
Y.con |
A data frame, or matrix, with level-1 continuous responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. |
Y.cat |
A data frame, or matrix, with categorical (or binary) responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are coded as NA. |
Y.numcat |
A vector with the number of categories in each categorical (or binary) variable. |
Y2.con |
A data frame, or matrix, with level-2 continuous responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. |
Y2.cat |
A data frame, or matrix, with level-2 categorical (or binary) responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are coded as NA. |
Y2.numcat |
A vector with the number of categories in each level-2 categorical (or binary) variable. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
X2 |
A data frame, or matrix, with level-2 covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
Z |
A data frame, or matrix, for covariates associated to random effects in the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
clus |
A data frame, or matrix, containing the cluster indicator for each observation. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of level-1 fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l2.beta.start |
Starting value for beta2, the vector(s) of level-2 fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different level-2 outcomes. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster for the random effects estimates u. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value for the covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model times the number of random effects plus the number of level-2 outcomes. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
start.imp |
Starting value for the imputed dataset. n-level categorical variables are substituted by n-1 latent normals. |
l2.start.imp |
Starting value for the level-2 imputed variables. n-level categorical variables are substituted by n-1 latent normals. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
A list is returned; this contains the final imputed dataset (finimp) and several 3-dimensional matrices, containing all the values drawn for each parameter at each iteration: these are, potentially, fixed effect parameters beta (collectbeta), random effects (collectu), level 1 (collectomega) and level 2 covariance matrices (collectcovu) and level-2 fixed effect parameters. If there are some categorical outcomes, a further output is included in the list, finimp.latnorm, containing the final state of the imputed dataset with the latent normal variables.
Y<-tldata[,c("measure.a"), drop=FALSE] Y2<-tldata[,c("big.city"), drop=FALSE] clus<-tldata[,c("city")] nburn=20 #now we run the imputation function. Note that we would typically use an higher #number of nburn iterations in real applications (at least 100) imp<-jomo2com.MCMCchain(Y.con=Y, Y2.cat=Y2, Y2.numcat=2, clus=clus,nburn=nburn) #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l") #Or similarly we can check the convergence of any element of the level 2 covariance matrix: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectcovu[1,2,1:nburn],type="l")
Y<-tldata[,c("measure.a"), drop=FALSE] Y2<-tldata[,c("big.city"), drop=FALSE] clus<-tldata[,c("city")] nburn=20 #now we run the imputation function. Note that we would typically use an higher #number of nburn iterations in real applications (at least 100) imp<-jomo2com.MCMCchain(Y.con=Y, Y2.cat=Y2, Y2.numcat=2, clus=clus,nburn=nburn) #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l") #Or similarly we can check the convergence of any element of the level 2 covariance matrix: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectcovu[1,2,1:nburn],type="l")
Impute a 2-level dataset with mixed data types as outcome. A joint multivariate normal model for partially observed data, with (either fixed or random) study-specific covariance matrices is assumed and imputations are generated through the use of a Gibbs sampler where a different covariance matrix is sampled within each cluster. Fully observed categorical covariates may be considered as covariates as well, but they have to be included as dummy variables.
jomo2hr(Y.con=NULL, Y.cat=NULL, Y.numcat=NULL, Y2.con=NULL, Y2.cat=NULL, Y2.numcat=NULL,X=NULL, X2=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, a=NULL, a.prior=NULL, meth="random", output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo2hr(Y.con=NULL, Y.cat=NULL, Y.numcat=NULL, Y2.con=NULL, Y2.cat=NULL, Y2.numcat=NULL,X=NULL, X2=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, nburn=1000, nbetween=1000, nimp=5, a=NULL, a.prior=NULL, meth="random", output=1, out.iter=10)
Y.con |
A data frame, or matrix, with level-1 continuous responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. |
Y.cat |
A data frame, or matrix, with categorical (or binary) responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are coded as NA. |
Y.numcat |
A vector with the number of categories in each categorical (or binary) variable. |
Y2.con |
A data frame, or matrix, with level-2 continuous responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. |
Y2.cat |
A data frame, or matrix, with level-2 categorical (or binary) responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are coded as NA. |
Y2.numcat |
A vector with the number of categories in each level-2 categorical (or binary) variable. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
X2 |
A data frame, or matrix, with level-2 covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
Z |
A data frame, or matrix, for covariates associated to random effects in the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
clus |
A data frame, or matrix, containing the cluster indicator for each observation. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of level-1 fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l2.beta.start |
Starting value for beta2, the vector(s) of level-2 fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different level-2 outcomes. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster for the random effects estimates u. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value for the covariance matrices, stacked one above the other. Dimension of each square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix for each cluster. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model times the number of random effects plus the number of level-2 outcomes. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrices. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
nburn |
Number of burn in iterations. Default is 1000. |
nbetween |
Number of iterations between two successive imputations. Default is 1000. |
nimp |
Number of Imputations. Default is 5. |
a |
Starting value for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution of the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is 50+D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. |
a.prior |
Hyperparameter (Degrees of freedom) of the chi square prior distribution for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution for the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices.. |
meth |
When set to "fixed", a flat prior is put on the cluster-specific covariance matrices and each matrix is updated separately with a different MH-step. When set to "random", we are assuming that all the cluster-specific level-1 covariance matrices are draws from an inverse-Wishart distribution, whose parameter values are updated with 2 steps similar to the ones presented in the case of clustered data for function jomo1ranconhr. |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
The Gibbs sampler algorithm used is obtained is a mixture of the ones described in chapter 5 and 9 of Carpenter and Kenward (2013). We update the covariance matrices element-wise with a Metropolis-Hastings step. When meth="fixed", we use a flat prior for rhe matrices, while with meth="random" we use an inverse-Wishar tprior and we assume that all the covariance matrices are drawn from an inverse Wishart distribution. We update values of a and A, degrees of freedom and scale matrix of the inverse Wishart distribution from which all the covariance matrices are sampled, from the proper conditional distributions. A flat prior is considered for beta. Binary or continuous covariates in the imputation model may be considered without any problem, but when considering a categorical covariate it has to be included with dummy variables (binary indicators) only.
On screen, the posterior mean of the fixed effects estimates and of the covariance matrix are shown. The only argument returned is the imputed dataset in long format. Column "Imputation" indexes the imputations. Imputation number 0 are the original data.
Carpenter J.R., Kenward M.G., (2013), Multiple Imputation and its Application. Chapter 9, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-470-74052-1.
Yucel R.M., (2011), Random-covariances and mixed-effects models for imputing multivariate multilevel continuous data, Statistical Modelling, 11 (4), 351-370, DOI: 10.1177/1471082X100110040.
Y<-tldata[,c("measure.a"), drop=FALSE] Y2<-tldata[,c("big.city"), drop=FALSE] clus<-tldata[,c("city")] #now we run the imputation function. Note that we would typically use an higher #number of nburn iterations in real applications (at least 1000) imp<-jomo2hr(Y.con=Y, Y2.cat=Y2, Y2.numcat=2, clus=clus,nburn=10, nbetween=10, nimp=2) # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
Y<-tldata[,c("measure.a"), drop=FALSE] Y2<-tldata[,c("big.city"), drop=FALSE] clus<-tldata[,c("city")] #now we run the imputation function. Note that we would typically use an higher #number of nburn iterations in real applications (at least 1000) imp<-jomo2hr(Y.con=Y, Y2.cat=Y2, Y2.numcat=2, clus=clus,nburn=10, nbetween=10, nimp=2) # Check help page for function jomo to see how to fit the model and # combine estimates with Rubin's rules
This function is similar to jomo2hr, but it returns the values of all the parameters in the model at each step of the MCMC instead of the imputations. It is useful to check the convergence of the MCMC sampler.
jomo2hr.MCMCchain(Y.con=NULL, Y.cat=NULL, Y.numcat=NULL, Y2.con=NULL, Y2.cat=NULL, Y2.numcat=NULL, X=NULL, X2=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, start.imp=NULL, l2.start.imp=NULL, nburn=1000, a=NULL,a.prior=NULL,meth="random", output=1, out.iter=10)
jomo2hr.MCMCchain(Y.con=NULL, Y.cat=NULL, Y.numcat=NULL, Y2.con=NULL, Y2.cat=NULL, Y2.numcat=NULL, X=NULL, X2=NULL, Z=NULL, clus, beta.start=NULL, l2.beta.start=NULL, u.start=NULL, l1cov.start=NULL, l2cov.start=NULL, l1cov.prior=NULL, l2cov.prior=NULL, start.imp=NULL, l2.start.imp=NULL, nburn=1000, a=NULL,a.prior=NULL,meth="random", output=1, out.iter=10)
Y.con |
A data frame, or matrix, with level-1 continuous responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. |
Y.cat |
A data frame, or matrix, with categorical (or binary) responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are coded as NA. |
Y.numcat |
A vector with the number of categories in each categorical (or binary) variable. |
Y2.con |
A data frame, or matrix, with level-2 continuous responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. |
Y2.cat |
A data frame, or matrix, with level-2 categorical (or binary) responses of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are coded as NA. |
Y2.numcat |
A vector with the number of categories in each level-2 categorical (or binary) variable. |
X |
A data frame, or matrix, with covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
X2 |
A data frame, or matrix, with level-2 covariates of the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
Z |
A data frame, or matrix, for covariates associated to random effects in the joint imputation model. Rows correspond to different observations, while columns are different variables. Missing values are not allowed in these variables. In case we want an intercept, a column of 1 is needed. The default is a column of 1. |
clus |
A data frame, or matrix, containing the cluster indicator for each observation. |
beta.start |
Starting value for beta, the vector(s) of level-1 fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different outcomes. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l2.beta.start |
Starting value for beta2, the vector(s) of level-2 fixed effects. Rows index different covariates and columns index different level-2 outcomes. For each n-category variable we have a fixed effect parameter for each of the n-1 latent normals. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
u.start |
A matrix where different rows are the starting values within each cluster for the random effects estimates u. The default is a matrix of zeros. |
l1cov.start |
Starting value for the covariance matrices, stacked one above the other. Dimension of each square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model. The default is the identity matrix for each cluster. |
l2cov.start |
Starting value for the level 2 covariance matrix. Dimension of this square matrix is equal to the number of outcomes (continuous plus latent normals) in the imputation model times the number of random effects plus the number of level-2 outcomes. The default is an identity matrix. |
l1cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the covariance matrices. The default is the identity matrix. |
l2cov.prior |
Scale matrix for the inverse-Wishart prior for the level 2 covariance matrix. The default is the identity matrix. |
start.imp |
Starting value for the imputed dataset. n-level categorical variables are substituted by n-1 latent normals. |
l2.start.imp |
Starting value for the level-2 imputed variables. n-level categorical variables are substituted by n-1 latent normals. |
nburn |
Number of iterations. Default is 1000. |
a |
Starting value for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution of the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is 50+D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. |
a.prior |
Hyperparameter (Degrees of freedom) of the chi square prior distribution for the degrees of freedom of the inverse Wishart distribution for the cluster-specific covariance matrices. Default is D, with D being the dimension of the covariance matrices. |
meth |
When set to "fixed", a flat prior is put on the cluster-specific covariance matrices and each matrix is updated separately with a different MH-step. When set to "random", we are assuming that all the cluster-specific level-1 covariance matrices are draws from an inverse-Wishart distribution, whose parameter values are updated with 2 steps similar to the ones presented in the case of clustered data for function jomo1ranconhr. |
output |
When set to any value different from 1 (default), no output is shown on screen at the end of the process. |
out.iter |
When set to K, every K iterations a dot is printed on screen. Default is 10. |
A list is returned; this contains the final imputed dataset (finimp) and several 3-dimensional matrices, containing all the values drawn for each parameter at each iteration: these are, potentially, fixed effect parameters beta (collectbeta), random effects (collectu), level 1 (collectomega) and level 2 covariance matrices (collectcovu) and level-2 fixed effect parameters. If there are some categorical outcomes, a further output is included in the list, finimp.latnorm, containing the final state of the imputed dataset with the latent normal variables.
Y<-tldata[,c("measure.a"), drop=FALSE] Y2<-tldata[,c("big.city"), drop=FALSE] clus<-tldata[,c("city")] nburn=20 #now we run the imputation function. Note that we would typically use an higher #number of nburn iterations in real applications (at least 100) imp<-jomo2hr.MCMCchain(Y.con=Y, Y2.cat=Y2, Y2.numcat=2, clus=clus,nburn=nburn) #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l") #Or similarly we can check the convergence of any element of the level 2 covariance matrix: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectcovu[1,2,1:nburn],type="l")
Y<-tldata[,c("measure.a"), drop=FALSE] Y2<-tldata[,c("big.city"), drop=FALSE] clus<-tldata[,c("city")] nburn=20 #now we run the imputation function. Note that we would typically use an higher #number of nburn iterations in real applications (at least 100) imp<-jomo2hr.MCMCchain(Y.con=Y, Y2.cat=Y2, Y2.numcat=2, clus=clus,nburn=nburn) #We can check the convergence of the first element of beta: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectbeta[1,1,1:nburn],type="l") #Or similarly we can check the convergence of any element of the level 2 covariance matrix: plot(c(1:nburn),imp$collectcovu[1,2,1:nburn],type="l")
A partially observed version of the jspmix1 dataset in package R2MLwiN. This is an educational dataset of pupils' test scores, a subset of the Junior School Project (Mortimore et al, 1988).
data(cldata)
data(cldata)
A data frame with 4059 observations on the following 6 variables.
school
A school identifier.
id
A student ID.
fluent
Fluency in English indicator, where 0 = beginner, 1 = intermediate, 2 = fully fluent; measured in Year 1.
sex
Sex of pupil; numeric with levels 0 (boy), 1 (girl).
cons
A column of 1s. Useful to add an intercept to th eimputation model.
ravens
Test score, out of 40; measured in Year 1.
english
Pupils' English test score, out of 100; measured in Year 3.
behaviour
Pupils' behaviour score, where lowerquarter = pupil rated in bottom 25%, and upper otherwise; measured in Year 3.
These fully observed verison of the data is available with package R2MLwiN.
Browne, W. J. (2012) MCMC Estimation in MLwiN Version 2.26. University of Bristol: Centre for Multilevel Modelling.
Mortimore, P., Sammons, P., Stoll, L., Lewis, D., Ecob, R. (1988) School Matters. Wells: Open Books.
Rasbash, J., Charlton, C., Browne, W.J., Healy, M. and Cameron, B. (2009) MLwiN Version 2.1. Centre for Multilevel Modelling, University of Bristol.
A simulated dataset to test single level functions, i.e. jomo1con, jomo1cat and jomo1mix.
data(sldata)
data(sldata)
A data frame with 300 observations on the following 4 variables.
age
A numeric variable with age. Fully observed.
measure
A numeric variable with some measure of interest (unspecified). This is partially observed.
sex
A binary variable for gender indicator. Fully observed.
social
A 4-category variable with a social status indicator. This is partially observed.
These are not real data, they are simulated to illustrate the use of the main functions of the package.
A simulated dataset to test functions for imputation compatible with cox model.
data(cldata)
data(cldata)
A data frame with 500 observations on the following 5 variables.
measure
A numeric variable with some measure of interest (unspecified). This is partially observed.
sex
A binary variable with gender indicator. Partially observed.
id
The id for individuals within each city.
time
Time to event (death or censoring).
status
Binary variables, which takes value 0 for censored observations and 1 for deaths/events.
These are not real data, they are simulated to illustrate the use of the main functions of the package.
A simulated dataset to test 2-level functions, i.e. jomo2com and jomo2hr.
data(tldata)
data(tldata)
A data frame with 1000 observations on the following 6 variables.
measure.a
A numeric variable with some measure of interest (unspecified). This is partially observed.
measure.b
A numeric variable with some measure of interest (unspecified). This is fully observed.
measure.a2
A numeric variable with some level-2 measure of interest (unspecified). This is partially observed.
previous.events
A binary variable indicating if a patient has previous history of (unspecified) events. Patially observed.
group
A 3-category variable indicating to which group each patient belongs. This is partially observed.
big.city
A binary variable indicating if each city has more than 100000 inhabitants. Patially observed.
region
A 3-category variable indicating to which region each city belongs. This is fully observed.
city
The cluster indicator vector. 200 cities are indexed 0 to 199.
id
The id for each individual within each city.
These are not real data, they are simulated to illustrate the use of the main functions of the package.